Consumption of meals prepared away from home is associated with inadequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C and mineral intake among Japanese adults: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey

Matsumoto, Mai; Saito, Aki; Okada, Chika; Okada, Emiko; Tajima, Ryoko; Takimoto, Hidemi

doi:10.1186/s12937-021-00693-6

Table 4 Energy-adjusted food group intake on the dietary recording day among 2221 Japanese adults aged 18–64 years according to frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home [Mean (SD)]†

From: Consumption of meals prepared away from home is associated with inadequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin C and mineral intake among Japanese adults: analysis from the 2015 National Health and Nutrition Survey

Food groups (g/day)	Men					Women
	Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home			P^‡	P^§	Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home			P^‡	P^§
	Low (n = 321)	Moderate (n = 465)	High (n = 135)	P^‡	P^§	Low (n = 608)	Moderate (n = 610)	High (n = 82)	P^‡	P^§
Grains	637.8 (178.1)	636.2 (181.8)	668.0 (196.3)	0.187	0.372	431.9 (143.5)	434.7 (143.4)	468.6 (171.2)	0.099	0.148
Potatoes	66.5 (79.7)	56.8 (66.6)	52.7 (67.7)	0.086	0.063	59.3 (75.8)	44.5 (56.0)^*	52.6 (74.1)	0.001	0.002
Sugars	7.9 (11.0)	7.1 (8.9)	7.7 (8.2)	0.507	0.694	7.1 (8.3)	7.1 (8.9)	5.5 (6.3)	0.226	0.292
Pulses	79.9 (101.3)	76.4 (83.3)	67.9 (92.8)	0.441	0.526	75.4 (91.6)	64.8 (74.7)	65.6 (90.3)	0.079	0.077
Sesame and nuts	2.2 (5.7)	3.3 (12.2)	1.7 (5.2)	0.119	0.202	2.4 (5.4)	2.8 (8.3)	1.9 (4.8)	0.378	0.376
Vegetables	354.3 (186.5)	362.4 (204.3)	294.2 (171.8)^*	0.001	0.004	322.2 (171.6)	312.0 (161.7)	262.1 (160.8)^*	0.009	0.012
Fruits	94.6 (149.3)	84.0 (114.6)	56.4 (125.3)	0.016	0.076	109.8 (120.0)	104.8 (130.6)	95.1 (123.3)	0.546	0.815
Mushrooms	22.9 (37.9)	18.6 (30.4)	13.1 (23.0)^*	0.010	0.015	20.2 (28.7)	18.7 (30.3)	16.1 (25.7)	0.423	0.422
Seaweeds	15.5 (25.8)	12.0 (19.8)	11.9 (20.1)	0.068	0.086	11.4 (21.2)	10.1 (19.5)	11.0 (22.2)	0.541	0.593
Fish and shellfishes	88.5 (84.6)	87.7 (77.2)	71.7 (78.8)	0.091	0.276	67.7 (64.0)	66.1 (68.2)	67.1 (66.9)	0.913	0.856
Meat and poultry	131.1 (87.3)	134.8 (96.3)	138.2 (100.8)	0.739	0.988	91.5 (64.9)	101.1 (71.5)^*	87.4 (66.4)	0.027	0.032
Eggs	48.8 (46.7)	45.4 (41.3)	43.3 (41.2)	0.391	0.419	41.4 (38.0)	39.3 (38.0)	38.0 (38.5)	0.536	0.597
Dairy products	100.9 (143.8)	104.3 (139.9)	97.0 (163.1)	0.863	0.744	124.5 (140.1)	124.5 (130.8)	124.0 (135.1)	0.999	0.992
Fat and oils	13.4 (10.2)	15.9 (11.0)^*	17.5 (10.8)^*	< 0.001	0.002	11.0 (9.0)	12.9 (9.5)^*	13.2 (8.2)	0.001	0.001
Confectionaries	19.5 (42.0)	21.6 (43.2)	22.6 (54.1)	0.728	0.806	32.9 (47.6)	28.5 (44.3)	31.8 (40.5)	0.247	0.339
Beverages	1124.5 (684.1)	1146.0 (755.8)	1207.4 (748.5)	0.541	0.513	939.4 (544.3)	930.6 (542.6)	1000.7 (615.3)	0.554	0.491
Seasonings	115.5 (108.0)	135.7 (125.0)	147.4 (144.0)	0.016	0.084	84.9 (77.4)	93.6 (86.4)	97.4 (120.0)	0.139	0.125

^† Food groups expressed as amount per day were energy-adjusted by using the following equation: energy-adjusted intake (g/d) = observed intake (g/day) × EER (kcal/day)/observed energy intake (kcal/day)
^‡ The p values are shown for an analysis of variance to analyze differences of nutrient intake between three groups
^§ The p values are shown for covariate analysis to analyse difference of nutrient intake between three groups adjusted for confounding variables of age category (18–34, 35–50, and 51–64 years), occupation (professional / manager, sales / service / clerical, security / transportation / labour, student, housekeeper, and not in paid employment), living alone (yes or no), region (Hokkaido and Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku and Tokai, Kinki, Shikoku and Chugoku and Kyusyu), current smoker (yes or no) and habitual alcohol drinker (yes or no)
^* There is significant difference by Dunnett test compared with Low group in the adjusted model

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