Men | Women | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home | Pǁ | P¶ | Frequency of consuming meals prepared away from home | Pǁ | P¶ | |||||||||||
Low (n = 321) | Moderate (n = 465) | High (n = 135) | Low (n = 608) | Moderate (n = 610) | High (n = 82) | |||||||||||
Energy, kcal/d | 2314 | (592) | 2302 | (571) | 2241 | (554) | 0.454 | 0.282 | 1771 | (430) | 1785 | (423) | 1799 | (499) | 0.771 | 0.710 |
Nutrients with EAR | ||||||||||||||||
Protein, g/d | 91 | (18) | 91 | (17) | 87 | (19)* | 0.031 | 0.020 | 73 | (14) | 73 | (13) | 72 | (15) | 0.598 | 0.782 |
Vitamins | ||||||||||||||||
Vitamin A, μg RE/d | 614 | (727) | 662 | (751) | 527 | (366) | 0.136 | 0.181 | 617 | (910) | 559 | (424) | 469 | (248) | 0.111 | 0.084 |
Vitamin B1, mg/d | 1.1 | (0.41) | 1.1 | (0.42) | 1.1 | (0.44) | 0.455 | 0.319 | 0.9 | (0.31) | 0.90 | (0.30) | 0.93 | (0.34) | 0.653 | 0.646 |
Vitamin B2, mg/d | 1.4 | (0.46) | 1.4 | (0.48) | 1.4 | (0.51) | 0.524 | 0.453 | 1.3 | (0.46) | 1.2 | (0.39) | 1.3 | (0.48) | 0.290 | 0.388 |
Niacin, mg/d | 35 | (9.8) | 36 | (11.2) | 33 | (10.5) | 0.058 | 0.075 | 28 | (7.6) | 28 | (7.5) | 28 | (8.5) | 0.987 | 0.964 |
Vitamin B6, mg/d | 1.4 | (0.42) | 1.4 | (0.42) | 1.3 | (0.69) | 0.135 | 0.291 | 1.2 | (0.38) | 1.2 | (0.37) | 1.1 | (0.37) | 0.569 | 0.724 |
Vitamin B12, μg/d | 7.7 | (7.7) | 7.8 | (7.7) | 6.5 | (6.2) | 0.184 | 0.333 | 6.0 | (6.1) | 5.8 | (6.1) | 6.2 | (5.5) | 0.756 | 0.612 |
Folate, μg/d | 352 | (135) | 363 | (153) | 334 | (148) | 0.120 | 0.225 | 335 | (144) | 319 | (123)* | 307 | (119) | 0.044 | 0.046 |
Vitamin C, mg/d | 103 | (70) | 103 | (66) | 87 | (61) | 0.032 | 0.162 | 110 | (71) | 103 | (69) | 92 | (71) | 0.040 | 0.128 |
Minerals | ||||||||||||||||
Calcium, mg/d | 580 | (258) | 578 | (263) | 519 | (245)* | 0.045 | 0.044 | 561 | (230) | 525 | (223)* | 523 | (243) | 0.019 | 0.036 |
Magnesium, mg/d | 315 | (93) | 315 | (88) | 294 | (89) | 0.046 | 0.084 | 271 | (75) | 260 | (71)* | 256 | (74) | 0.011 | 0.014 |
Iron, mg/d | 9.5 | (2.9) | 9.7 | (2.8) | 8.9 | (2.6)* | 0.007 | 0.008 | 8.6 | (2.8) | 8.0 | (2.2)* | 7.9 | (2.5) | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Zinc, mg/d | 10.7 | (2.2) | 10.8 | (2.5) | 10.5 | (2.5) | 0.635 | 0.398 | 8.4 | (1.8) | 8.4 | (1.8) | 8.2 | (1.9) | 0.600 | 0.684 |
Copper, mg/d | 1.5 | (0.32) | 1.5 | (0.34) | 1.4 | (0.38)* | 0.029 | 0.027 | 1.2 | (0.29) | 1.2 | (0.29) | 1.2 | (0.34) | 0.061 | 0.060 |
Nutrients with DG | ||||||||||||||||
Protein, %energy | 14.3 | (2.9) | 14.3 | (2.6) | 13.5 | (3.0)* | 0.005 | 0.015 | 15.0 | (3.0) | 14.9 | (2.8) | 14.6 | (3.0) | 0.451 | 0.800 |
Fat, %energy | 25.1 | (6.7) | 26.3 | (6.9) | 26.9 | (6.8) | 0.020 | 0.141 | 28.0 | (7.1) | 28.8 | (7.2) | 28.5 | (7.3) | 0.154 | 0.166 |
Saturated fat, %energy | 6.6 | (2.4) | 6.8 | (2.4) | 7.0 | (2.7) | 0.212 | 0.673 | 7.6 | (2.6) | 7.9 | (2.8) | 7.8 | (2.8) | 0.165 | 0.129 |
Carbohydrate, %energy | 60.5 | (8.0) | 59.5 | (8.1) | 59.7 | (7.2) | 0.173 | 0.283 | 57.0 | (8.1) | 56.3 | (8.1) | 56.8 | (8.4) | 0.349 | 0.322 |
Dietary fiber, g/day | 18.1 | (6.8) | 17.9 | (6.6) | 15.9 | (5.5)* | 0.002 | 0.002 | 16.5 | (6.0) | 15.6 | (6.0)* | 14.8 | (5.1)* | 0.004 | 0.005 |
Sodium (salt-equivalent), day | 13.0 | (4.1) | 13.1 | (4.2) | 13.4 | (3.9) | 0.603 | 0.760 | 10.3 | (3.4) | 10.3 | (3.1) | 10.6 | (3.9) | 0.811 | 0.906 |
Potassium, mg/d | 2831 | (832) | 2799 | (801) | 2547 | (908)* | 0.003 | 0.004 | 2545 | (739) | 2444 | (704)* | 2372 | (705) | 0.016 | 0.026 |