Table 3 Dietary and nutrient intakes of study participants across tertiles of DPI

Energy (kcal/day)

2700 ± 843

2494 ± 554†

2508 ± 560

0.05

 Protein (g/day)

101 ± 37

94 ± 20

96 ± 21

0.14

 Fat (g/day)

67 ± 25

62 ± 17

64 ± 18

0.28

 Carbohydrate (g/d)

436 ± 153

403 ± 98

409 ± 98

0.11

 Dietary fiber (g/day)

27.1 ± 19.5

21.8 ± 8.7†

20.2 ± 6.2†

0.001

 Cholesterol (mg/day)

275 ± 182

234 ± 82†

211 ± 86†

0.001

 SFA (g/day)

21.5 ± 10

19.6 ± 7.8

19.2 ± 7

0.09

 Calcium (mg/day)

1161 ± 431

1069 ± 259

1063 ± 272

0.08

 Vitamin E (mg/day)

5.6 ± 2.3

5.1 ± 2.4

5.7 ± 2.6

0.13

 Vitamin B6 (mg/day)

2 ± 1

1.8 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.4

0.11

 Folate (mcg/day)

416 ± 416

348 ± 77

345 ± 77

0.04

 Vitamin C (mg/d)

142 ± 160

135 ± 37

134 ± 40

0.78

 Potassium (mg/d)

4399 ± 1854

4131 ± 725

4264 ± 821

0.20

 Selenium (mg/d)

0.08 ± 0.5

0.06 ± 0.03†

0.05 ± 0.02†

< 0.001

 Refined grains (g/day)

268 ± 120

210 ± 94†

125 ± 84†‡

< 0.001

 Whole grains (g/day)

97 ± 109

131 ± 78†

248 ± 105†‡

< 0.001

 Red and processed meats

(g/day)

41 ± 31

37 ± 17

34 ± 17

0.01

 Poultry (g/day)

34 ± 30

31 ± 12

29 ± 11

0.12

 Vegetables(g/day)

247 ± 82

274 ± 78†

283 ± 91†

0.002

 Fruits (g/day)

327 ± 120

357 ± 108

361 ± 121†

0.04

 Fish (g/day)

9.6 ± 13

8.2 ± 8

9.5 ± 9

0.40

 Nuts (g/day)

4.6 ± 4.5

4.3 ± 3

4.6 ± 3.7

0.79

 Legumes (g/day)

32 ± 17

34 ± 18

38 ± 20†

0.01

 Sugar-sweetened beverage (g/day)

95 ± 82

81 ± 59

68 ± 70†

0.02