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Table 1 Maternal factors associated with moderate and severe stunting in Ethiopia using χ2 (chi-square) test

From: Maternal factors associated with moderate and severe stunting in Ethiopian children: analysis of some environmental factors based on 2016 demographic health survey

Characteristic

Categories

Number of children

% of children stunted

χ2

p value

   

Moderate

Severe

  
  

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

  

Mother’s educational level

No education

5645(63.7)

1411(22.5)

1101(19.5)

195.5

<  0.0001

Primary

2283(25.8)

464(20.3)

331(14.5)

 

Secondary/higher

927(10.5)

130(14.0)

48(5.1)

 

Mother’s employment status

Unemployed

6397(72.2)

1260(19.7)

1056(16.5)

0.911

0.634

Employed

2458(27.8)

507(20.6)

401(16.3)

 

Mother’s autonomy

Low autonomy

2109(25.8)

428(20.3)

386(18.3)

9.989

0.041

Middle autonomy

5274(63.0)

1050(19.9)

839(15.9)

 

High autonomy

982(11.7)

179(18.2)

156(15.9)

 

Mother’s BMI†(kg/m2)

Less than 18.5

2175(24.6)

461(21.2)

426(19.6)

27.95

<  0.0001

18.5 or higher

6680(75.4)

1303(19.5)

1029(15.4)

 

Number of ANC visits before delivery

No ANC

4732(53.4)

923(19.5)

942(19.9)

77.99

<  0.0001

1–3

1858(21)

372(20.0)

285(15.3)

 

At least 4

2265(25.6)

415(18.3)

245(10.8)

 

Place of delivery

Home

5880(66.4)

1211(20.6)

1158(19.7)

158.4

<  0.0001

Health facility

2975(33.6)

553(18.6)

301(10.1)

 

Maternal height (cm)

< 150

1408(15.9)

200(14.2)

244(17.3)

125.46

<  0.0001

150–160

4667(52.7)

1003(21.5)

779(16.7)

 

> 160

2789(31.5)

438(15.7)

329(11.8)

 

Place of residence

Urban

1626(18.4)

296(18.2)

127(7.8)

158.2

<  0.0001

 

Rural

7229(81.6)

1605(22.2)

1446(20)

 
  1. †Body Mass Index, ‡ Antenatal Care Clinic * South Nations Nationalities and People Region