Table 3 Characteristics of study population, by tertile of dietary pattern 1 scores
| Â | Dietary pattern 1 scores | p* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (low) | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 (high) | ||
No. of participants | 535 | 536 | 535 | Â |
Age (y) | 73.0 (5.8) | 73.9 (5.7) | 73.7 (5.5) | 0.067 |
Education (y) | 12.2 (3.0) | 12.0 (2.9) | 11.9 (2.8) | 0.064 |
Women (%) | 31.4 | 55.0 | 73.3 | < 0.001 |
Study area | ||||
 Hatoyama | 36.6 | 31.5 | 27.9 | 0.006 |
 Kusatsu | 27.3 | 30.4 | 30.7 | |
 Itabashi | 36.1 | 38.1 | 41.5 | |
Living alone (%) | 18.9 | 19.6 | 23.2 | 0.002 |
Alcohol (%) | ||||
 Daily | 44.3 | 34.1 | 22.8 | < 0.001 |
 Sometimes | 12.9 | 12.9 | 9.5 | |
 None/rarely | 42.8 | 53.0 | 67.7 | |
Smoking (%) | ||||
 Current | 14.8 | 8.0 | 4.9 | < 0.001 |
 Former | 40.0 | 31.0 | 21.9 | |
 Never | 45.2 | 61.0 | 73.3 | |
Self-perceived chewing ability (%) | ||||
 Can chew anything/most things | 96.1 | 97.8 | 98.5 | 0.012 |
 Do not chew much | 3.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | |
Frequency of going out (%) | ||||
 More than once a day | 83.2 | 82.3 | 82.6 | 0.809 |
 Less than once a day | 16.8 | 17.7 | 17.4 | |
Medical history (%) | ||||
 Hypertension | 46.2 | 47.8 | 44.5 | 0.581 |
 Diabetes | 10.3 | 11.6 | 13.6 | 0.089 |
 Cancer | 12.0 | 12.9 | 12.5 | 0.781 |
 Stroke | 6.4 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 0.371 |
 Heart disease | 17.2 | 14.0 | 12.3 | 0.024 |
 COPD | 3.4 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 0.868 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (3.0) | 22.9 (2.9) | 22.8 (3.2) | 0.008 |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2033 (535) | 2019 (532) | 1918 (469) | < 0.001 |
MMSE (score) | 28.4 (1.8) | 28.5 (1.7) | 28.6 (1.6) | 0.009 |