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Table 2 Dairy products consumption per day, and hypertension risk. E3N Cohort, France 1993–2008 (N = 40,526)

From: Dairy product consumption and hypertension risk in a prospective French cohort of women

Dairy products (servings/week)

Cases

Person-years

M1

M2

M3

HR [95% CI]

p

HR [95% CI]

p

HR [95% CI]

p

Total dairy

 Q1 (< 9.1)

1858

98,273

Reference

0.38

Reference

0.41

Reference

0.86

 Q2 (9.1–12.6)

1820

99,380

0.97 [0.90; 1.03]

 

0.97 [0.90; 1.03]

 

0.97 [0.91; 1.03]

 

 Q3 (12.6–16.1)

1890

98,609

1.01 [0.87; 1.04]

 

0.99 [0.93; 1.06]

 

1.00 [0.94; 1.07]

 

 Q4 (16.1–21.0)

1903

98,791

1.02 [0.85; 1.07]

 

0.99 [0.83; 1.06]

 

1.00 [0.94; 1.07]

 

 Q5 (> 21.0)

1868

98,257

0.99 [0.93: 1.07]

 

0.96 [0.89; 1.03]

 

0.97 [0.91; 1.04]

 

Milk

 Q1 (0)

4042

210,401

Reference

0.54

Reference

0.66

Reference

0.23

 Q2 (0–2.1)

1630

91,719

0.93 [0.88; 0.98]

 

0.93 [0.87; 0.99]

 

0.95 [0.88; 1.03]

 

 Q3 (2.1–4.2)

1861

97,132

1.02 [0.96; 1.09]

 

0.98 [0.92; 1.05]

 

0.94 [0.90; 0.99]

 

 Q4 (>  4.2)

1807

94,057

0.99 [0.91; 1.07]

 

1.01 [0.94; 1.08]

 

0.96 [0.61; 1.01]

 

Yogurt

 Q1 (0)

1206

57,794

Reference

0.04

Reference

0.10

Reference

0.09

 Q2 (0–2.9)

3078

169,861

0.92 [0.85; 0.98]

 

0.93 [0.87; 1.00]

 

0.99 [0.94; 1.05]

 

 Q3 (2.9–5.0)

2550

137,645

0.94 [0.87; 1.01]

 

0.95 [0.88; 1.02]

 

0.99 [0.94; 1.05]

 

 Q4 (>  5.0)

2506

128,009

1.02 [0.94; 1.10]

 

1.02 [0.94; 1.10]

 

1.06 [1.00; 1.12]

 

Cottage cheese

 Q1 (0)

2463

131,350

Reference

0.72

Reference

0.38

Reference

0.23

 Q2 (0–0.6)

2256

119,169

1.05 [0.99; 1.11]

 

1.03 [0.97; 1.10]

 

1.03 [0.97; 1.09]

 

 Q3 (0.6–1.6)

2237

120,049

1.03 [0.97; 1.09]

 

1.02 [0.96; 1.08]

 

1.05 [0.99; 1.11]

 

 Q4 (>  1.6)

2384

122,742

1.03 [0.97; 1.10]

 

1.00 [0.94; 1.06]

 

0.98 [0.92; 1.05]

 

Cheese

 Q1 (<  3.7)

2300

122,557

Reference

0.53

Reference

0.57

Reference

0.51

 Q2 (3.7–6.4)

2344

123,830

1.04 [0.98; 1.10]

 

1.05 [0.99; 1.11]

 

1.02 [0.96; 1.08]

 

 Q3 (6.4–9.7)

2404

123,130

1.01 [1.01; 1.16]

 

1.09 [1.02; 1.17]

 

1.05 [0.99; 1.11]

 

 Q4 (>  9.7)

2292

123,792

0.94 [0.94; 1.12]

 

1.03 [0.95; 1.14]

 

0.98 [0.92; 1.05]

 
  1. M1: Adjusted for energy (energy without alcohol (kcal/d)),
  2. M2: M1+ smoking status (never, former, current), education (without high school diploma, with high school diploma), family history of hypertension (no, yes), and physical activity (mets/d))
  3. M3: M2+ alcohol (g/d)), processed meat(g/d)), fruits and vegetables(g/d))