Table 3 The effects of flaxseed supplementation on serum levels of anthropometric indices and metabolic parameters in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome at baseline and after the intervention

Weight (kg)

Baseline

73.90 ± 15.20

76.8 ± 16.86

0.547

0.465

End

72.99 ± 15.32

77.7 ± 16.73

0.329

0.006

P₃

0.031

0.014

–

–

Waist circumference (cm)

Baseline

88.71 ± 10.99

91.68 ± 13.99

0.433

0.260

End

86.88 ± 11.34

93.47 ± 11.27

0.078

0.016

P₃

0.001

0.467

–

–

BMI (kg/m²)

Baseline

28.38 ± 5.15

28.94 ± 5.63

.729

0.537

End

27.99 ± 5.13

29.31 ± 5.59

0.414

0.003

P₃

0.023

0.012

–

–

FBS (mg/dl)

Baseline

101.86 ± 12.08

101.77 ± 10.01

0.977

0.887

End

94.25 ± 9.78

101 ± 11.31

0.056

0.021

P₃

0.151

0.606

–

–

Insulin (μIU/mL)

Baseline

12.17 ± 4.5

12.28 ± 3.35

0.136

0.647

End

9.79 ± 3.78

13.69 ± 5.25

0.003

0.013

P₃

0.026

0.352

–

–

HOMA-IR

Baseline

3.04 ± 1.19

3.08 ± 0.89

0.658

0.566

End

2.32 ± 1.06

3.35 ± 1.14

0.002

0.009

P₃

0.017

0.652

–

–

QUICKI

Baseline

0.32 ± 0.01

0.32 ± 0.01

0.673

0.716

End

0.34 ± 0.02

0.32 ± 0.02

0.001

0.006

P₃

0.034

0.748

–

–

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

Baseline

147.86 ± 33.32

153.16 ± 25.62

0.387

0.395

End

140.25 ± 29.21

143.27 ± 22.72

0.727

0.871

P₃

0.301

0.118

–

–

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

Baseline

84.09 ± 35.51

88.82 ± 41.86

0.684

0.844

End

71.85 ± 32.21

78.03 ± 20.1

0.488

0.665

P₃

0.147

0.252

–

–

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

Baseline

34.26 ± 11.75

37 ± 10.67

0.418

0.135

End

43.3 ± 10.88

34.61 ± 7.5

0.008

P<

P₃

P < 0.001

0.285

–

0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

Baseline

147.56 ± 21.59

156.77 ± 30.85

0.255

0.201

End

125.5 ± 28.45

153.16 ± 25.62

0.003

0.007

P₃

P < 0.001

0.828

–

–

Total testosterone (ng/mL)

Baseline

0.93 ± 0.26

0.94 ± 0.25

0.666

0.994

End

0.95 ± 0.25

0.96 ± 0.24

0.661

0.863

P₃

0.823

0.349

–

–

SHBG (nmol/L)

Baseline

45.02 ± 31.52

43.02 ± 12.57

0.286

0.610

End

55.9 ± 9.69

49.05 ± 13.4

0.152

0.052

P₃

0.247

0.154

–

–

FAI

Baseline

2.49 ± 1.32

2.33 ± 1.02

0.219

0.319

End

1.75 ± 0.55

2.21 ± 1.16

0.135

0.068

P₃

0.015

0.372

–

–

mF-G scores

Baseline

12.52 ± 7.53

11.04 ± 4.61

0.539

0.509

End

11.43 ± 7.2

10.68 ± 4.2

0.879

0.726

P₃

P < 0.001

0.179

–

–

hs-CRP (mg/L)

Baseline

3.86 ± 1.53

3.81 ± 1.63

0.912

0.581

End

2.87 ± 1.3

3.78 ± 1.03

0.023

0.021

P₃

0.02

0.596

–

–

IL-6 (pg/mL)

Baseline

4.54 ± 1.45

5.07 ± 1.51

0.166

0.329

End

5.05 ± 1.7

5.08 ± 2.07

0.047

0.235

P₃

0.232

0.158

–

–

Adiponectin (mg/mL)

Baseline

13.04 ± 3.36

14.56 ± 4.16

0.044

0.073

End

17.36 ± 4.1

14.18 ± 4.54

0.03

0.042

P₃

0.002

0.793

–

–

Leptin (ng/mL)

Baseline

70.18 ± 13.38

64.64 ± 21.67

0.633

0.329

End

57.96 ± 10.19

70.97 ± 19

0.016

0.006

P₃

0.01

0.132

–

–