Optimism is associated with diet quality, food group consumption and snacking behavior in a general population

Nutrition Journal

Table 1 Individual characteristics of 19,335 participants (NutriNet-Santé study, 2016)

	% or Mean ± SD	LOT-R	P¹
All		2.54 ± 0.64^a
Gender, %			< 0.0001
Male	27.48	2.58 ± 0.60
Female	72.52	2.53 ± 0.65
Age (years)	56.09 ± 13.76	0.0089 (−0.0052, 0.023)^b	0.21
Education level, %			< 0.0001
Primary	2.12	2.46 ± 0.55
Secondary	27.96	2.48 ± 0.62
Undergraduate	31.64	2.55 ± 0.64
Postgraduate	38.23	2.59 ± 0.65
Missing data	0.05
Occupational status, %			< 0.0001
Unemployed	8.78	2.47 ± 0.72
Student	1.17	2.38 ± 0.78
Self-employed, farmer	1.49	2.68 ± 0.65
Employee, manual worker	9.94	2.45 ± 0.69
Intermediate professions	12.89	2.55 ± 0.65
Managerial staff, intellectual profession	20.17	2.62 ± 0.64
Retired	45.57	2.54 ± 0.60
Monthly income per household unit, %^c			< 0.0001
< 1200€	7.59	2.45 ± 0.74
1200–1799€	18.71	2.50 ± 0.65
1800–2299€	15.34	2.50 ± 0.65
2300–2699€	11.25	2.56 ± 0.62
2700–3699€	19.84	2.60 ± 0.60
> 3700€	15.72	2.64 ± 0.62
Unwilling to answer	11.27	2.47 ± 0.62
Missing data	0.28
BMI (kg/m²), %			< 0.0001
< 18.5	5.06	2.44 ± 0.71
18.5–24.99	65.38	2.57 ± 0.63
25–29.99	22.27	2.53 ± 0.62
≥ 30	7.27	2.43 ± 0.70
Missing data	0.02
Physical activity, %			< 0.0001
Low	20.92	2.47 ± 0.66
Moderate	40.16	2.54 ± 0.64
High	38.89	2.58 ± 0.62
Missing data	0.04
Smoking status, %			0.019
Never-smoker	51.44	2.53 ± 0.65
Former smoker	40.40	2.56 ± 0.62
Current smoker	8.16	2.55 ± 0.67
Depressive symptomatology (CES-D^d), %			< 0.0001
Yes (≥16)	15.19	2.03 ± 0.65
No (< 16)	68.08	2.66 ± 0.58
Missing data	16.73

LOT-R, Life Orientation Test-Revised, score ranges from 0 to 4, the highest score corresponds to highest optimism
¹p-value based on linear regressions for categorical variables or Fisher’s z transformation for continuous variables
^aMean ± SD, all such values
^bPearson correlations (95% CI), all such values
^cMonthly income represents the household income per month calculated by consumption unit (CU). The number of people of the household was converted into a number of CU according to a weighting system: one CU is attributed for the first adult in the household, 0.5 for other persons aged 14 or older and 0.3 for children under 14
^dCES-D, Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale, score ranges from 0 to 60 the highest score corresponds to highest depressive symptomatology

ISSN: 1475-2891