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Table 1 Characteristics of 17 studies included in the meta-analysis (− 2020)

From: Dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies

Author

Publication Year

Location

Study design

Total number of subjects

Age

Diet-assessment method

Factors adjusted for in analysis

Dietary patterns identified

Mazidi et al. 2018 [12]

United states

Cross-sectional

21,649

≥18y

FFQ

Age, sex, race, body mass index, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, diabetes,and hypertension

Saturated-MUFA; minerals and vitamins; Cholesterol-PUFA

Shi et al.

2018 [13]

China

Cross-sectional

8429

≥18y

FFQ

Age, gender, intake of energy,education, income, urbanization level, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.

Traditional southern; Modern.

Xu et al. 2020 [19]

China

Cross-sectional

2004

45-59y

FFQ

Age (continuous), gender, income (continuous), education level (<high school, high school, >high school), physical activity level (light, moderate, heavy), smoking status (never, current, former), BMI (continuous), T2DM(yes/no) and hypertension (yes/no), total energy intake (continuous)

Traditional southern Chinese; Western; Grains-vegetables

Yuzbashian et al. 2018 [25]

Iran

Cohort

5904

≥30y

FFQ

age (continuous), sex (male, female), smoking (never, current smoker), total energy intake (continuous), body mass index (BMI; continuous), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi; yes, no) and physical activity (low, moderate and high)

DASH-style diet

Kurniawan et al. 2019 [26]

China (Taiwan)

Cross-sectional

41,128

40-95y

FFQ

age, gender, BMI, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, high cardiovascular risk profile, hypertension status (except hypertension variable), diabetes status (except diabetes variable), albumin, and CRP

Unhealthy

Eimery et al. 2020 [27]

Iran

Cross-sectional

266

60–83 y

FFQ

Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, BP, use of medications, dietary intakes of protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous, supplement intake, socioeconomic status, and energy intake

Healthy; Western; Traditional

Asghari et al. 2018 [28]

Iran

Cohort

1630

≥27y

FFQ

Age, sex, smoking, total energy intake, physical activity, and body mass index, diabetes and hypertension

Lacto vegetarian; Traditional Iranian; Hiagh fat,high sugar

Paterson et al. 2018 [29]

United Kingdom

Cross-sectional

1033

56-100y

FFQ

Age, BMI, presence of diabetes, presence of hypertension, ever smoking, presence/history of ischemic heart disease, presence/history of cerebrovascular accident and ever alcohol.

Healthy;unhealthy

Lara et al. 2019 [30]

United states

Cohort

16,068

≥45y

FFQ

unadjusted

Plant-based; southern

Hu et al. 2019 [31]

United states

Cohort

12,155

45-64y

FFQ

Age, sex, race-center, total energy intake, education level, income, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, physical activity, smoking status, and pack-years, BMI, diabetes,systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and HDL cholesterol. Dietary acid load

HEI-2015;AHEI-2010;aMed

Rouhani Hossein et al. 2019 [32]

Iran

Cross-sectional

221

Mean:56.5y

FFQ

Age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of endoscopy, physical activity, pack-years of smoking before age 30, race, aspirin use, total energy intake, and BMI

High fruits and vegetables; high simple carbohydrate and sugar; high fat

Huang et al.

2013 [33]

Sweden

Cohort

1110

Approximately 70 y

FFQ

BMI, physical activity, smoking status, education, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes

Mediterranean Diet

Hu et al. 2020 [34]

United states

Cohort

12,692

45-64y

Questionnaire

Total energy intake, age, sex, race-center, income, education level, health insurance, smoking, physical activity, diabetes status, hypertension status, body mass index, baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate

drinker

Koning et al. 2015 [35]

Netherlands

Cohort

5476

28-75y

Questionnaire

Age, sex, height, weight, smoking status, parental history of CKD, history of cardiovascular disease, and educational level

Alcohol consumption

Sato et al.

2014 [36]

Japan

Cohort

9112

40-55y

Questionnaire

age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose, smoking habits (nonsmokers, past smokers, and current smokers), and regular leisure-time physical activity (yes/no).

Drinking pattern

Okada et al. 2019 [37]

Japan

Cohort

9116

40-55y

Questionnaire

Age, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, smoking habits (nonsmokers, past smokers, and current smokers), and regular leisure-time physical activity (yes/no),eGFR at baseline

Drinkers

Foster et al. 2015 [38]

United kingdom

Cohort

1964

Mean:62.5y

FFQ

other listed lifestyle factors, age, sex, baseline eGFR, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and dipstick proteinurial

Alcohol consumption

  1. BMI: body mass index;DASH: dietary approaches to stop hypertension;BP: blood pressure; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire;T2DM:type 2 diabetes mellitus