Skip to main content

Table 4 Adjusted HRs (with 95% CIs) for insulin resistance by dietary acid load scores by sex, age, BMI, and physical activity levels at baseline, the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (Ansan-Ansung)a

From: Positive association between dietary acid load and future insulin resistance risk: findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

 

Dietary acid load scores

Ptrendb

Q1 (lowest)

Q2

Q3

Q4 (highest)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

PRAL

 Sex

 Men (n = 2707)

1.00

1.25 (1.07–1.48)

1.16 (0.97–1.38)

1.41 (1.17–1.72)

0.0017

 Women (n = 2699)

1.00

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.28 (1.10–1.50)

1.13 (0.94–1.37)

0.0431

 Age

 < 50 yrs. (n = 2742)

1.00

1.24 (1.06–1.46)

1.24 (1.04–1.47)

1.42 (1.16–1.73)

0.0012

 ≥ 50 yrs. (n = 2664)

1.00

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.20 (1.03–1.41)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

0.0683

 Presence of obesityc

 Yes (n = 1892)

1.00

1.28 (1.09–1.51)

1.15 (0.96–1.37)

1.36 (1.11–1.67)

0.0103

 No (n = 3514)

1.00

1.18 (1.03–1.37)

1.29 (1.10–1.50)

1.28 (1.07–1.52)

0.0043

 Physical activity leveld

 Low (n = 2735)

1.00

1.29 (1.10–1.51)

1.26 (1.06–1.50)

1.33 (1.10–1.62)

0.0078

 High (n = 2671)

1.00

1.16 (1.00–1.34)

1.18 (1.00–1.38)

1.26 (1.05–1.52)

0.0126

NEAP

 Sex

 Men (n = 2707)

1.00

1.16 (0.99–1.37)

1.11 (0.93–1.32)

1.31 (1.07–1.59)

0.0111

 Women (n = 2699)

1.00

1.20 (1.03–1.40)

1.26 (1.07–1.49)

1.22 (1.01–1.47)

0.0355

 Age

 < 50 yrs. (n = 2742)

1.00

1.27 (1.08–1.50)

1.23 (1.03–1.48)

1.43 (1.17–1.75)

0.0024

 ≥ 50 yrs. (n = 2664)

1.00

1.21 (1.05–1.39)

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

0.1253

 Presence of obesityc

 Yes (n = 1892)

1.00

1.18 (1.00–1.39)

1.10 (0.93–1.32)

1.33 (1.08–1.63)

0.0150

 No (n = 3514)

1.00

1.26 (1.09–1.45)

1.30 (1.11–1.52)

1.28 (1.07–1.53)

0.0196

 Physical activity leveld

 Low (n = 2735)

1.00

1.27 (1.08–1.49)

1.22 (1.03–1.45)

1.36 (1.11–1.66)

0.0106

 High (n = 2671)

1.00

1.20 (1.04–1.39)

1.19 (1.01–1.40)

1.23 (1.03–1.48)

0.0500

  1. HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Q quartile, PRAL potential renal acid load, NEAP net endogenous acid production, BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent task
  2. aAll models were adjusted for sex (men or women), age (years), area of residence (Ansan or Ansung), education level (≤elementary school, middle/high school, or ≥ college), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (g/day), body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hour/week), fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), family history of diabetes (yes or no), history of hypertension or hyperlipidemia (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day), and energy-adjusted carbohydrate, fat, and dietary fiber intake (g/day)
  3. bTests for trend linearity were conducted with the Wald test by considering the median values of each quartile as continuous variables in the analytic models
  4. cObesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2
  5. dPhysical activity levels were categorized in two groups (low vs. high) based on activity level quartile. Participants in the lower two quartiles of physical activity level were classified as the low-physical-activity group, and those in the upper two quartiles were classified as the high-physical-activity group
Back to article page

Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

Contact us