| |
Dietary acid load scores
|
Ptrendb
|
|---|
|
Q1 (lowest)
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4 (highest)
|
|---|
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
PRAL
|
|
Sex
|
|
Men (n = 2707)
|
1.00
|
1.25 (1.07–1.48)
|
1.16 (0.97–1.38)
|
1.41 (1.17–1.72)
|
0.0017
|
|
Women (n = 2699)
|
1.00
|
1.20 (1.04–1.39)
|
1.28 (1.10–1.50)
|
1.13 (0.94–1.37)
|
0.0431
|
|
Age
|
|
< 50 yrs. (n = 2742)
|
1.00
|
1.24 (1.06–1.46)
|
1.24 (1.04–1.47)
|
1.42 (1.16–1.73)
|
0.0012
|
|
≥ 50 yrs. (n = 2664)
|
1.00
|
1.20 (1.04–1.39)
|
1.20 (1.03–1.41)
|
1.15 (0.96–1.39)
|
0.0683
|
|
Presence of obesityc
|
|
Yes (n = 1892)
|
1.00
|
1.28 (1.09–1.51)
|
1.15 (0.96–1.37)
|
1.36 (1.11–1.67)
|
0.0103
|
|
No (n = 3514)
|
1.00
|
1.18 (1.03–1.37)
|
1.29 (1.10–1.50)
|
1.28 (1.07–1.52)
|
0.0043
|
|
Physical activity leveld
|
|
Low (n = 2735)
|
1.00
|
1.29 (1.10–1.51)
|
1.26 (1.06–1.50)
|
1.33 (1.10–1.62)
|
0.0078
|
|
High (n = 2671)
|
1.00
|
1.16 (1.00–1.34)
|
1.18 (1.00–1.38)
|
1.26 (1.05–1.52)
|
0.0126
|
|
NEAP
|
|
Sex
|
|
Men (n = 2707)
|
1.00
|
1.16 (0.99–1.37)
|
1.11 (0.93–1.32)
|
1.31 (1.07–1.59)
|
0.0111
|
|
Women (n = 2699)
|
1.00
|
1.20 (1.03–1.40)
|
1.26 (1.07–1.49)
|
1.22 (1.01–1.47)
|
0.0355
|
|
Age
|
|
< 50 yrs. (n = 2742)
|
1.00
|
1.27 (1.08–1.50)
|
1.23 (1.03–1.48)
|
1.43 (1.17–1.75)
|
0.0024
|
|
≥ 50 yrs. (n = 2664)
|
1.00
|
1.21 (1.05–1.39)
|
1.19 (1.02–1.39)
|
1.16 (0.96–1.40)
|
0.1253
|
|
Presence of obesityc
|
|
Yes (n = 1892)
|
1.00
|
1.18 (1.00–1.39)
|
1.10 (0.93–1.32)
|
1.33 (1.08–1.63)
|
0.0150
|
|
No (n = 3514)
|
1.00
|
1.26 (1.09–1.45)
|
1.30 (1.11–1.52)
|
1.28 (1.07–1.53)
|
0.0196
|
|
Physical activity leveld
|
|
Low (n = 2735)
|
1.00
|
1.27 (1.08–1.49)
|
1.22 (1.03–1.45)
|
1.36 (1.11–1.66)
|
0.0106
|
|
High (n = 2671)
|
1.00
|
1.20 (1.04–1.39)
|
1.19 (1.01–1.40)
|
1.23 (1.03–1.48)
|
0.0500
|
- HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Q quartile, PRAL potential renal acid load, NEAP net endogenous acid production, BMI body mass index, MET metabolic equivalent task
- aAll models were adjusted for sex (men or women), age (years), area of residence (Ansan or Ansung), education level (≤elementary school, middle/high school, or ≥ college), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (g/day), body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hour/week), fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), family history of diabetes (yes or no), history of hypertension or hyperlipidemia (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day), and energy-adjusted carbohydrate, fat, and dietary fiber intake (g/day)
- bTests for trend linearity were conducted with the Wald test by considering the median values of each quartile as continuous variables in the analytic models
- cObesity was defined as BMI ≥25 kg/m2
- dPhysical activity levels were categorized in two groups (low vs. high) based on activity level quartile. Participants in the lower two quartiles of physical activity level were classified as the low-physical-activity group, and those in the upper two quartiles were classified as the high-physical-activity group
