| |
Dietary acid load scores
|
Ptrendb
|
Per 1 SD increase
|
|---|
|
Q1 (lowest)
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4 (highest)
|
|---|
|
PRAL
|
|
Median, mEq/d
|
−7.1
|
3.1
|
8.5
|
14.7
| |
5.9
|
|
Person-years
|
10,232
|
9935
|
9895
|
9929
| |
39,991
|
|
Incident cases (n)
|
841
|
885
|
859
|
864
| |
3449
|
|
Rate per 1000 person-years
|
82.2
|
89.1
|
86.8
|
87.0
| |
86.2
|
| |
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
| |
HR (95% CI)
|
|
Model 1
|
1.00
|
1.09 (0.99–1.20)
|
1.07 (0.97–1.18)
|
1.08 (0.98–1.19)
|
0.1193
|
1.02 (0.98–1.05)
|
|
Model 2
|
1.00
|
1.13 (1.02–1.24)
|
1.10 (1.00–1.21)
|
1.14 (1.03–1.25)
|
0.0155
|
1.04 (1.00–1.07)
|
|
Model 3
|
1.00
|
1.22 (1.09–1.35)
|
1.21 (1.08–1.36)
|
1.30 (1.13–1.48)
|
0.0002
|
1.13 (1.06–1.20)
|
|
NEAP
|
|
Median, mEq/d
|
32.0
|
40.5
|
46.5
|
55.4
| |
43.5
|
|
Person-years
|
10,148
|
9943
|
9959
|
9941
| |
39,991
|
|
Incident cases (n)
|
841
|
879
|
864
|
865
| |
3449
|
|
Rate per 1000 person-years
|
82.9
|
88.4
|
86.8
|
87.0
| |
86.2
|
| |
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
|
HR (95% CI)
| |
HR (95% CI)
|
|
Model 1
|
1.00
|
1.08 (0.98–1.19)
|
1.07 (0.97–1.17)
|
1.08 (0.98–1.19)
|
0.1850
|
1.02 (0.99–1.06)
|
|
Model 2
|
1.00
|
1.15 (1.04–1.27)
|
1.09 (0.99–1.21)
|
1.14 (1.03–1.26)
|
0.0247
|
1.04 (1.00–1.07)
|
|
Model 3
|
1.00
|
1.23 (1.11–1.37)
|
1.20 (1.07–1.35)
|
1.30 (1.14–1.49)
|
0.0008
|
1.10 (1.05–1.16)
|
- HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q, quartile; SD, standard deviation; PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; MET, metabolic equivalent task
- aModel 1 was adjusted for sex (men or women) and age (years); model 2 was additionally adjusted for area of residence (Ansan or Ansung), education level (≤elementary school, middle/high school, or ≥ college), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (g/day), body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hour/week), fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), family history of diabetes (yes or no), and history of hypertension or hyperlipidemia (yes or no); model 3 was additionally adjusted for total energy intake (kcal/day) and energy-adjusted carbohydrate, fat, and dietary fiber intakes (g/day)
- bTests for trend linearity were conducted with the Wald test by considering the median values of each quartile as continuous variables in the analytic models
