Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted HRs (with 95% CIs) for insulin resistance by dietary acid load scores, the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (Ansan-Ansung)a

From: Positive association between dietary acid load and future insulin resistance risk: findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

 

Dietary acid load scores

Ptrendb

Per 1 SD increase

Q1 (lowest)

Q2

Q3

Q4 (highest)

PRAL

 Median, mEq/d

−7.1

3.1

8.5

14.7

 

5.9

 Person-years

10,232

9935

9895

9929

 

39,991

 Incident cases (n)

841

885

859

864

 

3449

 Rate per 1000 person-years

82.2

89.1

86.8

87.0

 

86.2

 

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

 

HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00

1.09 (0.99–1.20)

1.07 (0.97–1.18)

1.08 (0.98–1.19)

0.1193

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

 Model 2

1.00

1.13 (1.02–1.24)

1.10 (1.00–1.21)

1.14 (1.03–1.25)

0.0155

1.04 (1.00–1.07)

 Model 3

1.00

1.22 (1.09–1.35)

1.21 (1.08–1.36)

1.30 (1.13–1.48)

0.0002

1.13 (1.06–1.20)

NEAP

 Median, mEq/d

32.0

40.5

46.5

55.4

 

43.5

 Person-years

10,148

9943

9959

9941

 

39,991

 Incident cases (n)

841

879

864

865

 

3449

 Rate per 1000 person-years

82.9

88.4

86.8

87.0

 

86.2

 

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

 

HR (95% CI)

 Model 1

1.00

1.08 (0.98–1.19)

1.07 (0.97–1.17)

1.08 (0.98–1.19)

0.1850

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

 Model 2

1.00

1.15 (1.04–1.27)

1.09 (0.99–1.21)

1.14 (1.03–1.26)

0.0247

1.04 (1.00–1.07)

 Model 3

1.00

1.23 (1.11–1.37)

1.20 (1.07–1.35)

1.30 (1.14–1.49)

0.0008

1.10 (1.05–1.16)

  1. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Q, quartile; SD, standard deviation; PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; MET, metabolic equivalent task
  2. aModel 1 was adjusted for sex (men or women) and age (years); model 2 was additionally adjusted for area of residence (Ansan or Ansung), education level (≤elementary school, middle/high school, or ≥ college), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (g/day), body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hour/week), fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), family history of diabetes (yes or no), and history of hypertension or hyperlipidemia (yes or no); model 3 was additionally adjusted for total energy intake (kcal/day) and energy-adjusted carbohydrate, fat, and dietary fiber intakes (g/day)
  3. bTests for trend linearity were conducted with the Wald test by considering the median values of each quartile as continuous variables in the analytic models