Table 1 Characteristics of study participants at baseline by quartile of potential renal acid load, the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (Ansan-Ansung)
| Â | Total | Potential renal acid load (PRAL) | Ptrend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (highest) | |||
n | 5406 | 1351 | 1352 | 1352 | 1351 | Â |
Median PRAL, mEq/d | 5.9 | −7.2 | 3.0 | 8.5 | 14.7 |  |
NEAP, mEq/d | 43.7 ± 10.5a | 31.0 ± 5.3 | 40.6 ± 3.1 | 46.7 ± 3.4 | 56.5 ± 6.9 | < 0.0001 |
Urine pH | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 0.0011 |
Sex |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Men | 2707 (50.07) | 546 (40.41) | 664 (49.11) | 679 (50.22) | 818 (60.55) |  |
 Women | 2699 (49.93) | 805 (59.59) | 688 (50.89) | 673 (49.78) | 533 (39.45) |  |
Age, yrs | 51.5 ± 8.7 | 54.0 ± 8.9 | 52.0 ± 8.9 | 50.7 ± 8.4 | 49.4 ± 7.9 | < 0.0001 |
Area of residence |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Ansung (rural) | 2545 (47.08) | 929 (68.76) | 653 (48.30) | 503 (37.20) | 460 (34.05) |  |
 Ansan (urban) | 2861 (52.92) | 422 (31.24) | 699 (51.70) | 849 (62.80) | 891 (65.95) |  |
Education level |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 ≤ elementary school | 1684 (31.15) | 624 (46.19) | 440 (32.54) | 361 (26.70) | 259 (19.17) |  |
 middle/high school | 2975 (55.03) | 617 (45.67) | 751 (55.55) | 785 (58.06) | 822 (60.84) |  |
 ≥ college | 747 (13.82) | 110 (8.14) | 161 (11.91) | 206 (15.24) | 270 (19.99) |  |
Smoking status |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Never | 3109 (57.51) | 888 (65.73) | 781 (57.77) | 786 (58.14) | 654 (48.41) |  |
 Past | 849 (15.70) | 154 (11.40) | 222 (16.42) | 222 (16.42) | 251 (18.58) |  |
 Current | 1448 (26.79) | 309 (22.87) | 349 (25.81) | 344 (25.44) | 446 (33.01) |  |
Alcohol consumption, g/d | 9.6 ± 22.1 | 7.5 ± 20.3 | 8.9 ± 23.0 | 9.2 ± 22.0 | 12.7 ± 22.6 | 0.2260 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 24.0 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 0.2476 |
Total physical activity, MET-hr/wk | 169.2 ± 104.5 | 189.8 ± 113.6 | 175.2 ± 108.2 | 153.9 ± 96.3 | 157.8 ± 95.0 | < 0.0001 |
Family history of diabetes | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0053 |
 Yes | 562 (10.40) | 115 (8.51) | 131 (9.69) | 166 (12.28) | 150 (11.10) |  |
 No | 4844 (89.60) | 1236 (91.49) | 1221 (90.31) | 1186 (87.72) | 1201 (88.90) |  |
History of hypertension |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Yes | 1410 (26.08) | 405 (29.98) | 367 (27.14) | 330 (24.41) | 308 (22.80) |  |
 No | 3996 (73.92) | 946 (70.02) | 985 (72.86) | 1022 (75.59) | 1043 (77.20) |  |
History of hyperlipidemia | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.0670 |
 Yes | 1251 (23.14) | 300 (22.21) | 300 (22.19) | 313 (23.15) | 338 (25.02) |  |
 No | 4155 (76.86) | 1051 (77.79) | 1052 (77.81) | 1039 (76.85) | 1013 (74.98) |  |