Table 1 Prevalence of depressive symptoms according to demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and health characteristics

Sex

 Men

194

36.9

11.7

6.4;20.6

 Women

363

63.1

18.2

13.5;24.0

Skin Color

 White

468

85.1

14.1

9.9;19.7

 Not white

89

14.9

25.5

16.6;37.0

Season (Vit. D collection)

 Summer

55

9.1

14.4

6.7;28.0

 Autumn

276

50.7

18.1

11.4;27.5

 Winter

145

23.6

14.8

10.2;21.0

 Spring

81

16.6

11.1

5.1;22.5

Age range (years)

 60–69

236

42.2

12.4

7.2;20.5

 70–79

235

41.8

16.8

11.6;23.8

 ≥ 80

86

16,0

22.2

14.3;32.9

Education (years)

 No formal education

35

5.5

17.5

8.4;32.9

 1–4

199

33.7

19.5

13.3;27.5

 5–8

100

19.2

14.9

8.4;25.2

 9–11

86

17.8

18.5

7.8;38.0

 ≥ 12

137

23.8

8.9

4.3;17.7

Per capita family income (n = 539)

 ≤ 1 mw

40

6.4

22.4

11.8;38.6

 > 1 and ≤ 3 mw

156

30.3

20.6

13.7;29.7

 > 3 and ≤ 5 mw

108

17.5

19.3

11.1;31.3

 > 5 and ≤ 10 mw

136

26.4

10.9

5.6;20.1

 > 10 mw

99

19.4

9.9

4.8;19.2

Retirement (n = 521)

 No

102

19.9

21.8

11.5;37.1

 Yes

419

80.1

14.4

10.8;19.0

Living arrangements

 Live with another/others

445

78.7

16.0

12.0;21.0

 Live alone

112

21.3

15.2

8.3;26.1

Marital Status

 Married

317

56.5

11.6

7.7;17.2

 Single

33

6.1

20.9

7.0;48.3

 Divorced

45

9.3

27.1

14.5;44.8

 Widowed

162

28.1

19.4

13.4;17.3

Social and religious groups attendance

 No

298

56.3

18.2

13.1;24.8

 Yes

259

43.7

12.7

8.6;18.4

Alcohol Consumption

 No

319

56.0

19.0

13.8;25.7

 Yes

238

44.0

11.7

6.7;19.6

Smoking

 No

351

58.6

17.0

12.2;23.3

 Yes

206

41.4

14.1

10.1;19.3

Leisure-time physical activity (n = 556)

 Insufficiently active

395

70.7

19.3

14.7;24.8

 Sufficiently active

161

29.3

7.4

3.5;14.8

Dependence in ADLs (n = 554)

 None

202

38.1

6.4

3.2;12.4

 Low

217

37.5

15.1

9.7;22.7

 Moderate/severe

135

24.4

30.8

21.4;42.1

Cognitive impairment (n = 554)

 Absent

442

79.6

10.9

7.3;15.9

 Present

112

20.4

34.0

23.6;46.1

Number of comorbidities

 Zero

34

6,0

13.5

2.8;46.2

 1

96

18.6

1.4

0.3;5.7

 ≥ 2

427

75.4

19.5

15.1;24.9

Nutritional status  BMI (n = 554)

 Underweight

45

8.2

23.3

12.3;39.7

 Healthy Weight

256

44.3

11.8

7.7;17.8

 Overweight

253

47.5

18.0

12.6;25.1

Antidepressant use (n = 529)

 No

449

85.4

15.4

11.2;20.7

 Yes

80

14.6

21.4

12.4;34.4

Vitamin D supplement use (n=521)

 No

464

90.6

16.6

12.1;22.2

 Yes

57

9.4

11.5

4.8;25.1

Serum 25(OH)D

 Sufficiency

188

35.1

8.9

4.8;15.9

 Insufficiency

226

39.4

17.2

11.0;25.9

 Deficiency

143

25.5

23.2

15.6;32.9

Depressive Symptoms

 Absent

467

84.2

–

 Present

90

15.8

–