Index & original author | Type of index | Country of origin | Dietary assessment method | Purpose | Scoring | Age group designed for | Validateda |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Menzies remote short-item dietary assessment tool (MRSDAT) [derives DGI-CA score]; Tonkin et al. (2018) [28] | Food | Australia (Remote Aboriginal Communities) | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to Australian Dietary Guidelines [29] and traditional food consumption | 8 components, (6 food groups + breast feeding & consumption of traditional foods). Scoring not described | Young children (6-36 m) | Yes |
Menzies remote short-item dietary assessment tool (MRSDAT) [derives DGI-CA score]; Rohit et al. (2018) [30] | Young children (2-4y) | Yes | |||||
Dietary Risk Score (DRS); Bell et al. (2014) [31] | Food | Australia | 1) TDQb | Adherence of Toddlers dietary patterns to the Australian Dietary Guidelines [29] | 3 components, scored 0–336 (then converted to 0–100), calculated proportionally on intake/ recommendation | Young children (12-36 m) | Yes |
Australian Recommended Food Score for Preschoolers (ARFS-P); Burrows et al. (2014) [19] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) FFQ - Australian Eating Survey Pre-schooler Version (AES-P) | Reflects dietary variety within recommended food groups from the Australian Dietary Guidelines [29] | 8 components, scored 0–73, points awarded & summed | Young children (2-5y) | Yes |
Healthy Preference Index (HPI); Russell et al. (2007) [32] | Food | Australia | 1) Food preferences & appetite traits questionnaire | Reflects food preferences & adherence to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating for children & adolescents [29] | 10 components, scored 1–100, points awarded & summed. | 2–5 | No |
Australian Child & Adolescent Recommended Food Score (ACARFS); Marshall et al. (2012) [33] | Food | Australia | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the 2003 Australian Dietary Guidelines for Children & Adolescents [29] | 8 components, scored 0–73, points awarded & summed | 6-14y | No |
Unnamed healthy dietary score; Gasser et al. (2017) [34] | Food | Australia | 1) 24-h recall | Reflect adherence to the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines [29] | 7 components, scored 0–14, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Dietary Guideline Index for Children & Adolescents (DGI-CA); Golley et al. (2011) [35] | Food | Australia | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the 2003 Australian Dietary Guidelines for Children & Adolescents & 1998 Australian Guide to Healthy Eating [29] | 11 components, scored 0–100, calculation by nutrient analysis. | Not specified | Yes |
Dietary Guideline Index (DGI); Lioret et al. (2014) [36] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) FFQ | Reflecting adherence to the 2003 Australian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents [29] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded and summed for a total score of 0–100. | Not specified | No |
Healthy and Unhealthy Diet score, Jacka et al. (2010) [37] | Food | Australia | 1) 14-item dietary questionnaire | Adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia [29] | Healthy diet core: 4 components, scored 0–4, points awarded and summed. Unhealthy diet score: 4 components, scored 5–30, points awarded and summed | Not specified | No |
Raine Eating Assessment in Toddlers (EAT) score; Meyerkort et al. (2012) [38] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) 24-h recalls 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia [29] | 7 components (5 healthy, 2 unhealthy), scored 0–70 points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
The Diet Score; Nyaradi et al. (2015) [39] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) Modified 24-h dietary recall | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents in Australia [29] | 7 components (healthy and unhealthy), scored 0–70, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Unnamed Diet Quality Index; Li et al. (2012) [40] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating [29] and Nutrient Reference Values for Australia & NZ [41] | 15 components, scored 20–150, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings. | Not specified | No |
Core Food Variety Score (CFVS); Scott et al. (2012) [42] | Food | Australia | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating [29] | 6 food groups, scored 0–34, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Fruit and Vegetable Variety Score (FVVS); Scott et al. (2012) [42] | Food | Australia | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating [29] | 6 food groups, scored 0–16, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Obesity Protective Dietary Index (OPDI); Spence et al. (2013) [43] | Food | Australia | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to a non-obesogenic diet (with non-core food groups) based on dietary guidelines for Americans [44] | 3 food groups, scored 0–30, based on quantile ranking & summed | Not specified | Yes |
Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Diet Quality Index (sFFQ-DQI); Kunaratnam et al. (2018) [45] | Food & nutrient | Australia | 1) short food frequency questionnaire (sFFQ) 2) 3-day food records (3d-FR) | Reflects adherence to the 2013 Australian dietary guidelines for children and adolescents [29] | 13 components, scored 0–5, points awarded and summed, for a total score of 0–65. | 2-5y | Yes |
Diet Quality Index for Preschool Children (DQI-CH); (Huybrechts et al. (2010) [46] | Food & behaviour | Belgium | 1) Food diary/record 2) FFQ | Reflects compliance with Flemish Food-Based Dietary Guidelines [47] | 4 components, scored −25 - 100 calculated as percentage of food group intakes | 2 – 6y | Yes |
Daily Diversity Index (DDI); Sabbe et al. (2008) [48] | Food | Belgium | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the 2000 American Food Guide Pyramid [49] | 5 components, scored 0–5, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Healthy Eating Index for Brazilians (HEI); Rauber et al. (2014) [50] | Food & nutrients | Brazil | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Reflects adherence to US Department of Agriculture dietary guidelines [44] with some modifications to meet recommendations of the Brazilian dietary guidelines [51] | 10 components, scored 0–100, calculated based on adherence to dietary guidelines, points awarded & summed | Children (3-8y) | Yes |
Índice de Alimentação do Escolar (ALES – School Child Diet Index); Molina et al. (2010) [52] | Food | Brazil | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to recommended national dietary guidelines [51] | 15 components, scored −1, 0 or 1, points awarded and summed for a total score of −9-14. | Not specified | No |
Adapted Healthy Eating Index (adHEI) Conceicao et al. (2018) [53] | Food & nutrient | Brazil | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Reflects adherence to dietary guidelines for Brazilian children [51] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded and summed. | Not specified | No |
Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI) [Índice de Qualidade da dieta (IQD)], Fisberg et al. (2004) [54] | Food and nutrients | Brazil | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Adherence to The Adapted Food Pyramid for Brazilians [55] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded & summed for a total score of 0–100 | Not specified | Yes |
The Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R), Previdelli et al. (2011) [56] | Food and nutrients | Brazil | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Reflects adherence to the Brazilian dietary guidelines [51] recommendations and the measurement of dietary risk factors for chronic diseases | 12 components, scored 0–5, 0–10 or 0–20 for the % of total energy value, with all components summed | Not specified | No |
Brazilian food habits (BHEI-R); Rodrigues et al. (2016) [57] | Food & nutrients | Brazil | 1) FFQ 2) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to the Brazilian dietary guideline’s recommendations [51] | 12 components, scored 0–5, 0–10 or 0–20, point awarded and summed. | Not specified | No |
The Diet Quality Index associated with the Digital Food Guide (DQI-DFG) or “Índice de Qualidade da Dieta associado ao Guia Alimentar Developed by Caivano et al. (2013) [58] in adults, Baldasso et al. (2016) [59] used in adolescents. Digital” (IQD-GAD) | Food & nutrients | Brazil | 1) 24-h recall 2) Food records | Reflects adherence to US healthy eating guidelines, dietary reference intakes and food pyramid [44] | 12 components, 1–4 based on moderation, 5–12 based on adequacy, scored 0–100, points awarded and summed. | Not specified | No, Validated in adults (Caivano et al. 2013) |
Revised Diet Quality Index (IQD-R); Wendpap et al. (2014) [60] | Food & nutrients | Brazil | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to recommendations of the 2006 Food Guide for the Brazilian Population [51] | 11 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | Not specified | No |
Canadian Healthy Eating Index (HEI-C-2010); Jessri et al. (2017) [61] developed in adults, Nshimyumukiza et al. (2018) [62] used among children | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence of adequacy and moderation to the 2007 Canada’s Food Guide [63] | 11 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | ≥ 2y | No, Validated In adults (Jessri et al. 2017) |
Canadian Healthy Eating Index (HEI-C); Glanville et al. (2006) [64] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) 24 h recall 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the 1993 Canada’s Good Guide to Healthy Eating & 1990 Canadian Nutrient Recommendations [65] | 9 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings. | ≥3y | No |
Canadian Health Eating Index-2009 (HEIC-2009); Woodruff et al. (2010) [66] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) 24-h recall 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the 2007 Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide [63] | 9 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | ≥3y | No |
Canadian Healthy Eating Index (HEI-C); Wang et al. (2015) [67] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to the 2007 Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide [63] | 9 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | 9-13y | No |
School Heathy Eating Index (School-HEI), Tugault-Lafleur et al. (2017) [68] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) computer-assisted 24-h dietary recall | Dietary compliance with Canadian dietary guidance from the 2007 version of Canada’s Food Guide [63] | 2 subsections; scored 0–100, Adequacy: 8 components, scored 0–60. Moderation; 3 components scored 0–40, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Unnamed diet quality index; Absolon et al. (1988) [69] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Adherence to Canada’s Food Guide and Recommended Nutrient Intakes for Canadians [63] | 5 components, scored 0–8, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Adapted Youth Healthy Eating Index (aYHEI); Protudjer et al. (2012) [70] | Food & nutrient | Canada | 1) FFQ | Assesses dietary adherence to the United States’ Department of Agriculture’s Dietary Guidelines for Americans [44] | 10 components, scored 0–85, point awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI); Yuan et al. (2017) [71] | Food & nutrient | China | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to the updated Dietary Guidelines for Chinese (DGC-2016) [72] | 17 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | ≥2y | No, Validated among adults, Yuan et al. (2018) |
The Chinese Children Dietary Index (CCDI); Cheng et al. (2016) [73] | Food, nutrient & behaviour | China | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to Chinese Dietary Guidelines and Dietary Reference Intakes [72] | 16 components, scored 0–160, calculated based on intake/ recommendations points awarded & summed | Not specified | Yes |
Healthy nutrition score based on food intake for pre-schoolers (HNSP), Peng et al. (2015) [74] | Food & nutrient | China | 1) 24-h recalls 2) 3-day food records | Adherence to Chinese Dietary Guidelines [72] for preschool children to detect vitamin A deficiencies | 10 components, scored 0–100, points awarded and summed | Not specified | Yes |
Foods E-KINDEX; Lazarou et al. (2009) [75] | Food & behaviour | Cyprus | 1) FFQ | Reflects risk of being overweight or obese based on adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern [76] | 13 components, scored 0–37, unspecified scoring method | Not specified | No, (previously validated in children) |
Adapted diet quality index; Knudsen et al. (2012) [77] developed in adults, Rohde et al. (2016) [78] used in children | Food | Denmark | 1) 4-d diet record | Compliance of children’s diet with the Danish national guidelines [79] | 6 components, scored 0–6, calculated as a ratio of reported intake to recommended intake. | Not specified | No |
Complementary Feeding Utility Index (CFUI); Golley et al. (2012) [80] | Food & behaviour | England | 1) FFQ & 2) independent questionnaire | Reflects adherence to complementary feeding guidelines in Australia [81], NZ [82] USA [83] and UK [84] | 14 components, scored 0–1, calculated by summing of probability functions | Not specified | No |
Unnamed Diet Quality Score (DQI); Okubo et al. (2015) [85] | Food & nutrient | England | 1) FFQ | Describe compliance with the Japanese Spinning Top Guide [86] | Calculated using reported intake & recommendations results split into tertiles, scored 0–8. | Not specified | No |
NutricheQ Tool, Rice et al. (2015) [87] | Food | European countriese | 1) Food diary/record | Based on suggestions from family paediatricians, the user-requirements of European nutrition experts, and evidence from the literature [87] | 3 components, each of the 18 questions has a minimum of 0 and maximum of 3 points, points awarded & summed | Young children (≥12 m) | Yes |
The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A); Vyncke et al. (2013) [88] | Food | European countriesh | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to Adolescent Flemish food based dietary guidelines [47] | 3 components, dietary diversity, quality and equilibrium calculated. | Adolescents (12.5–17.5y) | Yes |
Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI); Huijbregts et al. (1997) [89] | Food & nutrient | European countiesc | 1) Diet history 2) food diary/record | Reflects WHO guidelines to prevent chronic disease [90] | 9 components, scored 0–9, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Healthy Dietary Adherence Score (HDAS); Arvidsson et al. (2017) [91] | Food | European countriesd | 1) FFQ | Reflect adherence to healthy dietary guidelines common for all eight countries participating in the IDEFICS study [92] | 5 components, scored 0–10, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
The Healthy Plate Variety Score (HPVS), Oliveira et al. (2015) [93]. Also referred to Healthy Food Variety Index (HFVI) by Jones et al. (2015) [94] | Food | European countriesf | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the US Health Eating Guidelines recommendations and variety [44] | 5 components, scored 0–1, points calculated and summed. | Not specified | No |
The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A), De Vriendt et al. (2012) [95] | Food | European countriesg | 1) 2-day dietary recall | Reflecting dietary diversity, quality and equilibrium related to Flemish dietary guidelines [96] | Dietary Diversity: The extent of food groups consumed, scoring not described. Dietary Quality: 3 components, each food item scored: 1, 0, −1, points awarded, summed and divided by the number of foods consumed. Dietary Equilibrium: Indicates adherence to portion sizes, scoring not described. Scores were summed for overall DQI-A score from −33·3 and 100%. | Not specified. | No |
Ideal Diet Score, also referred to as Healthy Diet Score, Lloyd-Jones et al. (2010) [97] developed in adults, Henriksson et al. (2017) [98] used among chidren | Food & nutrient | European countriesi | 1) 24-h recalls | Adherence to American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood [99] | 5 components, points awarded based on cut-off values and summed for a total score of 0–5. | Not specified | No |
Children’s Index of Diet Quality (CIDQ); Röytiö et al. (2015) [100] | Food & nutrient | Finland | 1) Food Consumption Questionnaire 2) 7-d food recall | Reflects adherence to Finnish nutrition recommendations, based on the Nordic nutrition recommendations [101] | 14 components, calculated intake compared to recommendations, scored 0–21, points awarded & summed. | Children (2-6y) | Yes |
Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS); Kanerva et al. (2013) [102] developed in adults, Haapala et al. (2017) [103] used in children | Food | Finland | 1) 4-day food record | Assess dietary pattern reflecting the Baltic Sea Diet Pyramid [101] | 8 components, calculated ratio of reported intake to recommended intake, points awarded. | Not specified | No |
Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI); Kyttälä et al. (2014) [104] | Food & nutrient | Finland | 1) 3-d food records | Reflects adherence to the Nordic dietary guidelines [101] | 5 components, scored according to food groups and ages, points awarded and summed for a total score of 0–34/41/42 depending on age. | Not specified | Yes |
Dietary Adequacy Score (DAS); Guthrie et al. (1981) [105] | Food | Unknown | 1) 24 h recall; 2) FFQ | Reflects adequacy of (unknown) Recommended Dietary Allowances for an unknown population | 4 components, scored 0–16, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Dietary Adequacy Score (DAS); Shatenstein et al. (1996) [106] | Gaza | 1) FFQ | Reflects adequacy of Recommended American Dietary Guidelines [44] | ||||
PANDiet score; Developed by Verger et al. (2012) among ≥18y, Verger et al. (2016) [107] | Food & nutrient | UK | 1) 24-h recal | Reflects adequate nutrient intake based on UK dietary guidelines [108] | 2 components (adequacy and moderation) are calculated, and the mean of the two sub-scores are then calculated ranging from 0 to 100. | Infants & young children (12-18 m) | Yes |
PANDiet score; Schoen et al. (2017) [109] | Food & nutrient | Germany | 1) 3-d weighed food record | Reflects adherence to national reference values for nutrient intake in children based on UK dietary reference values [110]. | Infants & young children (9-24 m) | No | |
Unnamed Dietary Quality Index (DQI), Alexy et al. (2003) [111] | Nutrient | Germany | 1) Dietary survey including 3d weighed dietary record. | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for an OMD for Children & Adolescents and comparison to reference values for nutrient intakes [112] | 12 components, scored 0–12, points awarded & summed | ≥2y | Yes |
Healthy Nutrition Score for Kids & Youth (HuSKY); Kleiser et al. (2009) [113] | Food | Germany | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for an OMD for Children & Adolescents [112] | 11 components, scored 0–100, calculated as ratio of food group intakes | 3–17y | No |
Recommended Food Group Change Score (RFS); Alexy et al. (1999) [114] | Food | Germany | 1) Food diary/ record | Reflects average change in amounts of deviation from the OMD food groups based on individualised recommendations [112] | Number of components change depending on individualised recommendations, scored as a negative or positive percentage of change, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Total Food Group Change Score (TFS); Alexy et al. (1999) [114] | Food | Germany | 1) Food diary/ record | Reflects average change in amounts of deviation from all OMD food groups [112] | 11 components, scored as a negative or positive percentage of change, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Nutrient Improvement Score (NIS); Alexy et al. (1999) [114] | Nutrient | Germany | 1) Food diary/ record | Reflects average change in dietary intake of German reference values for nutrient intakes [112] | 16 components, scored as a ‘-‘or ‘+’ percentage of change, scored by nutrient analysis | Not specified | No |
Nutrition Quality Index (NQI) Gedrich et al. (2001) [115] | Nutrient | Germany | 1) Food diary/ record | Reflects adequacy as compared the 2002 German, Austrian & Swiss Dietary Reference Values [116] | 13–17 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis | Not specified | No, Validated in adults |
Nutrition Quality Index (NQI), Cheng et al. (2010) [117] | Nutrient | Germany | 1) 3-d weighed food diary/record | Reflects the extent to which a child meets the nutritional recommendation for particular nutrients [118], and indicated diet quality compared to dietary reference values from the German and Austrian Nutrition Society [119]. | Components scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis. | Not specified | No |
Diet Quality Score; Kohlboeck et al. (2012) [120] | Food | Germany | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the OMD food groups based [112] | 11 components, scored 0–11, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
The Preschoolers Diet–Lifestyle Index (PDL-index); Manios et al. (2010a) [121] | Food & behaviour | Greece | 1) 24-h dietary recalls 2) Weighed food records) Or Food diaries | Reflects adherence to American Food Guide Pyramid [49]& Canadian Food Guide [65] | 11 components, scored 0–44, points awarded & summed | 2-5y | Yes |
Food Index (FI); Magriplis et al. (2015) [122] | Food | Greece | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to food recommendations-dietary guidelines (USDA data [123] and the Mediterranean Food Pyramid guidelines [76]). | 2 sections: 6 obesogenic and 8 non-obesogenic components. 14 components scored 16–64, calculated with a weighting of 1 or 1.5 for non-obesogenic foods | 9-13y | Yes |
Unhealthy Food Choices Score (UFCS); Yannakoulia et al. (2004) [124] | Food | Greece | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to a number of Greek [125]& US Dietary Guidelines [126] | 9 categories, scored 9–45, negative & positive points awarded & summed | 11–15y | No |
Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS); Trichopoulou et al. 1995 [127] | Food & nutrient | Greece | 1) FFQ, 2) food diary/record | Reflects adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern [76] | 8 components, scored 0–8, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
E-KINDEX; Lazarou et al. (2008) [128] | Food & behaviour | Greece | Unclear | Reflects risk of being overweight or obese from the CYKIDS study [129] | Composed of 3 indices with a total of 30 components, scored 1–87 | Not specified | No |
Healthy Lifestyle–Diet Index (HLD-Index); Manios et al. (2010b) [130] | Food | Greece | 1) 24-h dietary recalls | Adherence to guidelines reflecting Mediterranean dietary patterns [131] and US Department of Agriculture (USDA)‘s My Pyramid [49] | 10 components, each scored 0–4, points awarded and summed with a total score of 0–40. | Not specified | Yes |
Revised Healthy Lifestyle Index (R-HLD-Index); Manios et al. (2015) [132] | Food | Greece | 1) 24-h dietary recalls | Adherence to the updated dietary recommendations for children proposed by the USDA’s ‘Choose My Plate’ [133] | 12 components, each scored 0–4, points awarded and summed with a total score of 0–40. | Not specified | No |
USAID Dietary Diversity Score (DDS); Enneman et al. (2009) [134] | Food | Guatemala | 1) 24 h recall | Indicates diet diversity, quality and quantity of complementary foods based on a publication of USAID (US Agency for International Development) [135] and Guatemalan dietary guide [136] | 8 components, scored 0–8, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Cooking Pot Dietary Diversity Score (DDS); Enneman et al. (2009) [134] | Food | Guatemala | 1) 24 h recall | Indicates diet diversity in adherence with the Guatemalan dietary guide translated [136] | 6 components, scored 0–6, servings summed | Not specified | No |
INCAP Papers Dietary Diversity Score (DDS); Enneman et al. (2009) [134] | Food | Guatemala | 1) 24 h recall | Indicates diet diversity in adherence with INCAP protocol [137] | 25 components, scored 0–25, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Adolescent Micronutrient Quality Index (AMQI); Chiplonkar et al. (2010) [138] | Food | India | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Indians [139] & the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [140] | 13 components, scored 0–100, points awarded & summed, unspecified scoring method | Not specified | No |
Expected Food Pattern (PPH) also called Desirable Dietary Pattern (DDP) score; Prasetyo et al. (2013) [141] | Food & nutrient | Indonesia | 1) 24-h recall | Dietary quality indicator Reflects adequacy and diversity of diet compared to Indonesian recommendations [142] | 9 components, scored 1–30. Calculated from reported intake compared to recommendations, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-style diet score; Fung et al. (2008) [143] developed in women; Asghari et al. (2016) [144] used in children | Food and nutrients | Iran | 1) FFQ | Reflects foods and nutrients emphasized or minimised in DASH dietary pattern [145] | 8 components, scored 8–40, points awarded and summed. | Not specified | No |
Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NARs), Rouhani et al. (2012) [146] | Nutrient | Iran | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to dietary recommended intake [147] | 10 components, divide daily reported intake by recommended intake (DRI) for each nutrient. | Not specified | No |
Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), Azadbakht (2014) [148] | Nutrient | Iran | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to dietary reference intake [147] | Calculated as the ratio of the sum of NAR to the number of nutrients (n 10) | Not specified | No |
Modified Healthy Eating Index ‘mHEI’, Hooshmand et al. (2018) [149] | Food & nutrient | Iran | 1) FFQ | Reflects the USDA food guide pyramid and dietary guideline [150] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded and summed. | Not specified | No |
Modified revised children’s diet quality index (M-RCDQI), Keshani et al. (2018) [151] | Food & nutrient | Iran | 1) FFQ | Based on two previous studies [73, 152] Reflects adherence to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [140] and recommendations adjusted to better reflect the Iranian dietary patterns. | 13 components, scored 0–90, points awarded & summed | Not Specified | No |
Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI); Fogli-Cawley et al. (2006) [153] developed in adults, Mohseni-Takalloo et al. (2016) [154] used in adolescents. | Food | Iran | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans [140] | 20 components, scored 0–20, calculated reported intake/ recommended intake, points awarded and summed. | Not specified. | No |
Un-weighted Diet Quality Score (DQS), Perry et al. (2015) [155] | Food & nutrient | Ireland | 1) FFQ 2) 24-h recall | Reflects adherence to Irish guidelines and guided by Food Safety Authority of Ireland recommendations [156] | 20 components, ‘healthy’ [157] & ‘unhealthy’ [6] components scored −5-25, points awarded & summed | Not Specified | No |
Mediterranean diet quality index (M-DQI); Gerber (2006) [158] developed in adults; Tarabusi et al., (2010) [159] Used in children | Food and nutrient | Italy | 1) 24-h dietary recall 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to Dietary recommendations from the 1989 National Academy of Sciences publication [160], adherence to the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances [161] with Mediterranean diet adaptions of adolescent’s diets to the Mediterranean diet [162]. | 7 components, scored 0–14, calculated as a percentage of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, points awarded and summed. | Not specified | No, (validated among adults Gerber, 2016) |
Food-based diet quality score; Nishimura et al. (2015) [163] developed in adults; Kuriyama et al. (2016) [164], developed modified score in adolescent/adult; | Food | Japan | 1) diet history questionnaire (DHQ) | Assessed the adherence to the food-based Japanese dietary guidelines [86] | 6 components, scored 0–10, the score was calculated proportionately between 0 and 10 and summed | 18y & adults | No |
Korean Dietary Action Guides for Children Adherence Index (KDAGCAI); Choi et al. (2013) [165] | Food & behaviour | Korea | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Korean Dietary Action Guides for Children [166] | 19 components, scored 1–5, scores averaged for a total score of 1–5. | Children (3-12y) | No |
Dietary Diversity Score (DDS8) & Dietary Diversity Score (DDS8-R); Moursi et al. (2008) [167] | Food | Madagascar | 1) 24 h recall | Relation of diet diversity [168] to micronutrient density based on recommended nutrient intakes from FAO/WHO recommendations [169]except for calcium [170]and zinc [171] | 8 components, scored 0–8, points awarded & summed | Infants (6-23 m) | No |
Dietary Diversity Score (DDS7) & Dietary Diversity Score (DDS7-R); Moursi et al. (2008) [167] | 7 components, scored 0–7, points awarded & summed (fats and oils excluded) | ||||||
Unnamed Diet quality index for muti-ethnic Asian toddlers, Chen et al. (2018) [172] | Food | Malaysia | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Singapore Dietary Guidelines for toddlers [173] | 7 components, scored 0–65, calculated as a ratio of reported intake/ recommended intake, points awarded & summed | Toddlers (1-2y) | Yes |
Healthy Eating Index for Malaysians; Lee et al., (2011) [174] developed in adults, Rezali et al. (2015) [175] used in adolescents | Food and nutrient | Malaysia | 1) 2-day Dietary Recall | Assessed degree of compliance with recommended Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents [176] | 9 components, scored 0–10, points awarded and summed and a composite score in percentage was calculated. | Not specified | Yes |
Diet quality score for preschool children; Voortman et al. (2016) [177] developed for preschool children, van der Velde et al. (2018) [178] used in school-aged children | Food & nutrient | Netherlands | 1) FFQ | Adherence to the dietary recommendations for children from the Dutch Guidelines for a Healthy Diet of 2015 [179] | 10 components, scored 0–10, calculated the ratio of reported & recommended intake, ratios summed. | 8y | Yes |
Diet Quality Score for Preschool Children; Voortman et al. (2015) [177] | Food & nutrient | Netherlands | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to national and internationalj guidelines: The Netherlands [180], Germany [181], Switzerland [182] Belgium [183], Northern Ireland [184] and US [185]. Scientific literature on foods that were not consistently reported int these guidelines were also considered (e.g. sugar sweetened beverages, fish and whole milk) [186,187,188] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded and summed | Not specified | Yes |
Dietary Index for a Child’s Eating (DICE), Delshad et al. (2018) [189] | Nutrient | New Zealand | 1) 4-d estimated food record | Reflects adherence to the recommended NZ Food and Nutrition guidelines [190] and meeting nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand [191] | 13 components, scored 0–100, points awarded & summed | Children (2-18y) | Yes |
Diet Quality Index for NZ adolescents (NZDQI-A); Wong et al. (2013) [192] | Food & Nutrient | New Zealand | 1) Food questionnaire 2) 4-day food record | Reflecting adherence of adequacy and variety to the New Zealand Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adolescents [193]. | 5 components, scored 0–100, calculated from adequacy x variety, points awarded & summed | Adolescents (14-18y) | Yes |
Healthy Dietary Habits Score for Adolescents (HDHS-A); Wong et al. (2014) [194] | Food & Nutrient | New Zealand | 1) 24-h recalls 2) DHQ | Reflecting adherence for NZ Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Children and Young People [190]. | 5 components, scored 0–68, points awarded & summed | Adolescents (15-18y) | Yes |
Norwegian Adolescent Diet Score; Handeland et al. (2016) [195] | Food & behaviour | Norway | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to Norwegian dietary recommendations [196] | 8 components, scored 0–8, (7 food, 1 physical activity) scored 0 or 1 calculated from cut off values, points summed | Adolescents (14-15y) | Yes |
Dietary Diversity Score (DDS); Kennedy et al. (2007) [197] | Food | Philippines | 1) 24 h recall, 2) FFQ | Indicates diet diversity in adherence with development & analysis guidelines for developing countries (Arimond et al., 2005; Kennedy & Nantel 2006) | 10 components, scored 1–9, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Healthy Eating index (HEI); Vilela et al. (2014) [198] | Food & nutrient | Portugal | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the WHO food and nutrition policy [199] | 7 components, scored 7–28, quartiles calculated for each and scored/reverse scored. | Young children (2y & 4-5y) | No |
Diet Quality Index Score (DQIS); Rios et al. (2016) [200] | Food | Puerto Rico | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to age-specific dietary guidelines by WIC [201], WHO [202] and the American Academy of Paediatrics [203]. (0-24 m not included in national dietary guidelines) | 9 components, score 0–55, calculated from adequacy of intake, point awarded & summed. | Infants and toddlers. (0-24 m) | Yes |
Diet Quality Score; Crombie et al. (2009) [204] | Food | Scotland | Unclear | Reflects adherence to the Caroline Walker Trust recommendations for under 5y [205] | 5 components, dichotomous scoring for each component summed | 2-5y | No |
Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP); Trichopoulou et al. (2003) [206] developed in adults, Mariscal-Arcas et al. (2010) [207] used in children - Also referred to as Mediterranean-diet scale | Food & nutrient | Spain | 1) FFQ 2) 24-h recall | Reflects the degree of adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet [76] | 9 components, calculated from intakes and recommended intakes | Not specified | No |
Mediterranean Diet Quality Index International (Med DQI-I); Mariscal-Arcas et al. (2007) [208] | Food & nutrient | Spain | 1) 24 h recall & FFQ | Reflects worldwide (WHO [209], USA [150, 210] & China [211, 212] adherence to dietary food & nutrient recommendations and included use of Spanish recommended daily intakes [213] with specific Mediterranean adaptations | 4 major components each with sub-components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis | Not specified | No |
Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children & adolescents (KIDMED); Serra-Majem et al. (2004) [214] | Food & behaviour | Spain | 1) 24 h recall & FFQ, 2) independent questionnaire, 3) FFQ & independent questionnaire, 4) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Model [76, 215] | 16 components, scored 0–12, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Breakfast Quality Index (BQI); Monteagudo et al. (2012) [216] | Food & nutrient | Spain | 1) FFQ | Adherence to guidelines of the US [217,218,219], China [211, 212] Mediterranean dietary patterns [76] | 10 components, scored 0–10, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Youth Healthy Eating Index-Taiwan (YHEI-TW); Chiang et al. (2011) [220] used, not described; Lee et al. (2012) [221] used in youth. | Food & nutrient | Taiwan | 1) 24-h dietary recall 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans [222] | 11 components, points awarded and summed for a total score of 0–90. | Not specified | No |
Youth Healthy Eating Index-Taiwan Revised (YHEI-TwR-90) Chen et al. (2018) [223] | Food & nutrient | Taiwan | 1) 24-h dietary recall 2) FFQ | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans [150] | 10 components, scores calculated from nutrient analysis and summed, for a total score of 0–90. | Not specified | No |
Youth Healthy Eating Index-Taiwan Revised (YHEI-TwR-70); Chen et al. (2018) [223] | 8 components, scores calculated from nutrient analysis and summed, for a total score of 0–70. | ||||||
Infant & Child Feeding Index (ICFI); Ruel et al. (2002) [224] | Food & behaviour | Designed in the USA for use in Latin America | 1) 24 h recall & FFQ, 2) 24 h recall, 3) 7d recall | Reflects adequacy of the 1998 WHO [225]& the 1999 Academy of Educational Development complementary feeding recommendations [226] | 5 components, scored 0–12, points awarded & summed | 6–36 m | No |
Healthy Eating Index (HEI); Kennedy et al. (1995) [227] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24 h recall & food diary/ record, 2) FFQ, 3) 24 h recall, 4) Food diary/ record | Reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans & the USDA Food Guide Pyramid (1992) [150] | 10 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis | ≥2y | Yes |
Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010); Guenther et al. (2013) [228] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24-h recalls | Reflects adherence to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [185] and the accompanying USDA Food Patterns [229] | 12 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings & summed | ≥2y | No, (Later validated by Guenther et al. 2014) |
Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005); Britten et al. (2006) [230] developed in abstract, not described, Guenther et al. (2008) [231] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24 h recall, 2) food diary/record | Reflects adherence to the 2005 dietary guidelines [140] MyPyramid Food Guidance System [232] | 12 components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis | 2–18y | No |
Children’s Diet Quality Index (C-DQI); Kranz et al. (2004) [233] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the 1998 Food Guide Pyramid for 2–6y for components relevant to public health [234] | 8 components, scored 0–70, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | 2–5y | No |
Revised Children’s Diet Quality Index (RC-DQI); Kranz et al. (2006) [235] | Food, nutrient & behaviour | USA | 1) 24 h recall, 2) Food diary/record | Reflects adequacy of nutrients & food group intakes which are of a public health concern [140, 236, 237] | 13 components, scored 0–95, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | 2–18y | No |
Food Variety Index for Toddlers (VIT), Cox et al., 1997 [238] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24-h recalls 2) food diary/ records | Reflect dietary adequacy and adherence to food groups in the Food Pyramid [150] dietary guidelines recommendations and food groups. | 5 components, ratio calculated from 0.00–1.00 for each, then a total VIT score was averaged. | 24-36 m | No |
Food Variety Index for children (VIC), Skinner et al., 1999 [239] | 24-60 m | ||||||
The Healthy Eating Preference Index (HEPI); Sharafi et al. (2015) [240] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) Preschool-Adapted Liking Survey (PALS), and healthy variety score | Reflects adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 [185] | Scored − 250-250, foods categorised into liking groups and healthy variety score calculated, then conceptual weights were assigned to foods and adherence to dietary guidelines assessed. | Pre-school (3-5y) | Yes |
Nutrient Rich Foods index (NRF) Drewnowski et al. (2009) [241] | Food & Nutrient | USA | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans and consumption of nutrient rich foods [242] | NRFj 9.3 12 components, constructed from 9 encouraged nutrients minus 3 discouraged nutrients, calculated from percentage of reference intake | ≥4y | No |
Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI); Chiuve et al. (2012) [243] developed in adults, Harris et al. (2016) [244] used in adolescents | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) FFQ (HS-FFQ) | Reflects dietary patterns to lower risk of chronic disease [218] and US dietary Guidelines [222] based on validation of the index in previous studies [245,246,247] | 9 components, scored 2.5–87.5, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | 13-18y | No |
Youth Healthy Eating Index (YHEI); Feskanich et al. (2004) [248] | Food & behaviour | USA | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to American Dietary Guidelines [249] | 13 components, scored 0–100, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI); McCullough et al. (2002) [245] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) FFQ | Reflects dietary patterns to lower risk of chronic disease [218] and US dietary Guidelines [219] Indicates diet diversity in adherence with development & analysis guidelines for developing countries [216, 217] | 9 components, scored 2.5–87.5, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | Not specified | No |
Diet Quality Index (DQI); Patterson et al. (1994) [250] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) 24 h recall, 2) 24 h recall & food diary/ record | Reflects adherence to the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances [161] | 8 components, scored 0–16, points awarded & summed | Not specified | No |
Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I); Kim et al. (2003) [251] developed in adults, Setayeshgar et al. (2017) [252] used in Canadian children | Food & nutrient | Designed in USA to be of international use | 1) FFQ, 2) 24 h recall & FFQ | Reflects worldwide (WHO [209], USA [150, 210] & China [211, 212] adherence to dietary food & nutrient recommendations | 4 major components with sub-components, scored 0–100, calculated by nutrient analysis & servings | Not specified | No |
Grain, Fruit, Vegetables, Dairy & Mild (GFVDM) Variety Score; Falciglia et al. (2009) [253] | Food | USA | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects adherence to the 1992 Food Guide Pyramid food groups [150] | 5 food categories, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Grain, Fruit & Vegetable (GFV) Variety Score; Falciglia et al. (2009) [253] | Food | USA | 1) 24 h recall | Reflects the 2000 Dietary Guidelines for variety [249] | 3 food categories, servings summed | Not specified | No |
Modified KIDMED (M-KM); Wang et al. (2015) [67] abstract not described, Martin-Calvo et al. (2016) [254] | Food | USA | 1) FFQ (YAQ) | Adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) [255] | 16 components, scored 1, 0 or − 1, points awarded and summed for a total score of −4 to 12. | Not specified | No |
Healthy Diet Score, Anderson et al. (2015) [256] | Food | USA | 1) FFQ | Assesses healthy/unhealthy components of the diet independently. Binary variables based on US dietary recommendations for pre-schoolers [257]. | Healthy diet score:3 components, scored 0–6, points awarded and summed. Unhealthy diet score: Scored 0–24 points awarded & summed. | Not specified | No |
Adapted Complementary Feeding Utility Index (aCFUI); Au et al. (2018) [258] | Food & behaviour | USA | 1) 24-h dietary recall | Reflects adherence to complementary feeding guidelines and the USDAinfant nutrition and feeding guidelines [201] | 13 components, scored 0–13, by calculating the probability functions, then summed. | Not specified | No |
A Priori Diet Quality Score (APDQS); Mursu et al. (2013) [259] developed in women, Hu et al. (2016) [260] used in adolescents | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) FFQ (YAQ) | Reflects adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (without alcoholic items) [255] | 34 components, 13 beneficial, 12 adverse and 9 neutral, calculated as the sum of quintile scores 0–4 for beneficial foods plus scores in the reverse order (4–0) for adverse foods. | Not specified | No |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet score; Günther et al. (2009) [261] | Food & nutrient | USA | 1) FFQ | Reflects adherence to DASH dietary pattern [145] and the dietary guidelines for Americans [140] | 8 components, scored 0–80, calculated by reported intake/ recommendations, points awarded and summed | Not specified | No |