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Table 2 Association between dietary flavonoids intake and all-cause mortality

From: Habitual dietary intake of flavonoids and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: Golestan cohort study

Flavonoids

Quintile of Intake

p for trend

1

2

3

4

5

Total Flavonoid

 Mean intake (mg/d)

212.19

431.24

589.64

758.54

1214.75

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

979/87,933

939/92,285

976/93,291

1053/93,331

1156/91,508

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.98 (0.89–1.07)

1.01 (0.92–1.10)

1.04 (0.96–1.14)

1.19 (1.09–1.29)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.97 (0.89–1.07)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

1.00 (0.91–1.09)

1.08 (0.98–1.18)

0.07

Flavonols

 Mean intake (mg/d)

29.63

53.51

70.26

89.08

137.21

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

990/87,718

937/92,170

950/93,921

1078/92,928

1149/91,657

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.96 (0.88–1.00)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

1.04 (0.95–1.13)

1.15 (1.06–1.26)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.96 (0.87–1.04)

0.94 (0.91–1.09)

1.00 (0.90–1.07)

1.06 (0.99–1.18)

0.09

Flavan-3-ol monomers

 Mean intake (mg/d)

160.18

347.89

486.03

627.77

1021.65

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

972/87,919

920/92,249

993/93,239

1054/93,522

1165/91,453

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.95 (0.87–1.00)

1.04 (0.95–1.13)

1.03 (0.94–1.12)

1.19 (1.09–1.30)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

1.08 (0.99–1.18)

0.05

Flavanones

 Mean intake (mg/d)

0.84

3.13

5.85

10.00

27.79

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

1305/90,182

1061/92,107

955/92,838

919/90,834

863/92,511

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.88 (0.81–0.96)

0.82 (0.75–0.89)

0.80 (0.73–0.87)

0.73 (0.67–0.80)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.88 (0.81–0.96)

0.83 (0.77–0.91)

0.84 (0.77–0.92)

0.81 (0.73–0.89)

< 0.001

Flavones

 Mean intake (mg/d)

1.55

2.75

3.78

5.18

9.94

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

1272/87,823

1039/92,062

973/93,032

932/93,820

888/91,717

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.88 (0.82–0.96)

0.87 (0.80–0.94)

0.82 (0.76–0.89)

0.77 (0.70–0.84)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

0.85 (0.78–0.94)

0.83 (0.76–0.92)

< 0.001

Isoflavnoids

 Mean intake (mg/d)

0.007

0.024

0.053

0.21

1.68

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

1255/89,134

1114/92,971

1011/93,204

876/92,648

848/90,486

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.93 (0.86–1.01)

0.88 (0.82–0.95)

0.80 (0.73–0.87)

0.81 (0.75–0.89)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.94 (0.87–1.04)

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.85 (0.78–0.93)

0.88 (0.80–0.96)

< 0.001

Anthocianidins

 Mean intake (mg/d)

7.72

15.05

20.20

26.11

41.45

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

1049/87,580

929/92,598

980/93,136

1031/93,326

1124/91,781

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.98 (0.90–1.07)

1.11 (1.02–1.20)

0.003

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

0.93 (0.83–0.99)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

0.34

Dihydrochalcones

 

?

    

 Mean intake (mg/d)

0.017

 

0.19

0.46

1.66

 

 No. of deaths/person-year

2204/184,266

 

1026/90,601

1014/93,067

860/90,570

 

 Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a

1

 

0.97 (0.91–1.04)

0.92 (0.80–0.99)

0.78 (0.72–0.84)

< 0.001

 Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b

1

 

0.97 (0.90–1.04)

0.94 (0.87–1.01)

0.83 (0.77–0.90)

< 0.001

  1. aAge-adjusted model was adjusted for age (years)
  2. b Multivariate-adjusted model was adjusted for gender; age (years); ethnicity (Turkmen, others); education (illiterate, ≤5 years, 6–8 years, high school, academic); marital status (married, not married); smoking (user, non-user); opium use (user, non-user); alcohol (user, non-user); BMI (continuous); hypertension (yes, no); occupational physical activity (sedentary, moderate activity, high activity), energy intake (continuous)