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Table 1 Baseline characteristics by healthy diet score

From: Leading dietary determinants identified using machine learning techniques and a healthy diet score for changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in children: a longitudinal analysis

 

Healthy Diet Score*

P value†

 

≤3 (n = 861)

4 (n = 1021)

5 (n = 1328)

6 (n = 1420)

7 (n = 773)

≥8 (n = 299)

 

Age (years)

9.75 ± 1.29‡

9.57 ± 1.18

9.49 ± 1.15

9.44 ± 1.19

9.56 ± 1.11

9.47 ± 1.14

< 0.0001

BMI (kg/m2)

17.50 ± 3.55

17.23 ± 3.21

17.31 ± 3.20

17.04 ± 3.09

17.02 ± 2.93

16.79 ± 2.87

< 0.0001

WC (cm)

59.30 ± 9.50

58.94 ± 9.32

58.67 ± 8.76

57.83 ± 8.61

58.04 ± 8.19

57.49 ± 8.07

< 0.0001

PBF (%)

24.65 ± 4.65

24.32 ± 4.66

24.22 ± 4.91

23.53 ± 4.92

23.26 ± 4.84

23.01 ± 4.72

< 0.0001

SBP (mm Hg)

101.21 ± 11.09

100.92 ± 10.80

100.37 ± 10.89

100.24 ± 10.98

100.54 ± 10.61

100.75 ± 10.14

0.11

DBP (mm Hg)

64.91 ± 9.31

64.23 ± 9.38

64.18 ± 8.89

63.81 ± 9.09

63.89 ± 8.56

64.00 ± 8.89

0.013

TC (mmol/L)

3.96 ± 0.71

3.97 ± 0.73

4.04 ± 0.77

4.15 ± 0.83

4.25 ± 0.83

4.28 ± 0.77

< 0.0001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.46 ± 0.31

1.46 ± 0.32

1.45 ± 0.29

1.48 ± 0.30

1.51 ± 0.30

1.49 ± 0.30

0.0012

LDL-C (mmol/L)

1.94 ± 0.64

2.02 ± 0.60

2.14 ± 0.64

2.20 ± 0.63

2.26 ± 0.63

2.27 ± 0.58

< 0.0001

TG (mmol/L)

0.79 ± 0.43

0.80 ± 0.41

0.85 ± 0.48

0.84 ± 0.46

0.82 ± 0.45

0.78 ± 0.39

0.18

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.47 ± 0.61

4.46 ± 0.60

4.48 ± 0.58

4.55 ± 0.53

4.61 ± 0.47

4.62 ± 0.42

< 0.0001

CMRS

−0.27 ± 2.46

−0.25 ± 2.53

−0.09 ± 2.35

−0.26 ± 2.34

−0.30 ± 2.30

−0.22 ± 2.35

0.86

Physical activity (MET/week)

608.3 ± 444.3

621.4 ± 490. 8

666.3 ± 592.7

620.0 ± 586.1

605.8 ± 613.0

676.4 ± 723.9

0.55

Energy (kcal/day)

1268.6 ± 529.1

1281.9 ± 594.2

1326.8 ± 626.0

1274.8 ± 582.0

1217.1 ± 560.3

1152.5 ± 523.4

0.0018

Refined grains (gram/100 kcal/day)

1.60 ± 2.54

1.62 ± 3.63

1.93 ± 4.40

3.21 ± 6.18

3.64 ± 6.12

3.39 ± 6.22

< 0.0001

Seafood (gram/100 kcal/day)

0.44 ± 1.61

0.96 ± 2.37

1.56 ± 2.93

2.72 ± 3.90

4.19 ± 4.97

5.17 ± 4.86

< 0.0001

Fried foods (gram/100 kcal/day)

1.96 ± 2.37

1.15 ± 2.11

0.66 ± 1.85

0.28 ± 1.16

0.12 ± 0.62

0.04 ± 0.43

< 0.0001

Sugar-sweetened beverages (gram/100 kcal/day)

3.39 ± 5.07

2.84 ± 5.37

1.85 ± 4.47

1.28 ± 4.14

0.58 ± 2.48

0.23 ± 2.09

< 0.0001

Rice (gram/100 kcal/day)

3.97 ± 2.82

4.98 ± 4.19

6.32 ± 5.08

9.08 ± 6.73

11.21 ± 8.67

12.60 ± 6.61

< 0.0001

Wheat (gram/100 kcal/day)

7.28 ± 3.99

6.98 ± 4.48

6.41 ± 5.06

5.03 ± 4.91

3.47 ± 3.79

2.33 ± 2.44

< 0.0001

Fungi and algae (gram/100 kcal/day)

0.95 ± 1.32

0.69 ± 1.29

0.45 ± 1.25

0.32 ± 0.85

0.21 ± 0.77

0.08 ± 0.37

< 0.0001

Roots and tubers (gram/100 kcal/day)

2.76 ± 2.62

2.30 ± 3.01

1.71 ± 2.89

1.19 ± 2.56

0.72 ± 1.92

0.39 ± 1.23

< 0.0001

Red meat other than pork (gram/100 kcal/day)

0.24 ± 0.94

0.41 ± 1.27

0.67 ± 1.88

1.00 ± 2.29

1.30 ± 2.31

2.06 ± 2.95

< 0.0001

Protein intake (g/100 Kcal/day)

3.97 ± 0.81

4.10 ± 0.97

4.21 ± 1.04

4.39 ± 1.19

4.82 ± 1.22

5.17 ± 1.38

< 0.0001

Fat intake (g/100 Kcal/day)

3.03 ± 1.07

3.03 ± 1.16

2.92 ± 1.23

2.92 ± 1.21

2.93 ± 1.07

2.92 ± 0.99

0.0084

Carbohydrate intake (g/100 Kcal/day)

14.40 ± 2.58

14.24 ± 2.83

14.35 ± 3.07

14.20 ± 3.13

13.74 ± 2.90

13.35 ± 2.93

< 0.0001

Fibre intake (g/100 Kcal/day)

0.65 ± 0.36

0.58 ± 0.39

0.52 ± 0.32

0.48 ± 0.30

0.46 ± 0.25

0.43 ± 0.23

< 0.0001

Vitamin C intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

3.15 ± 2.11

3.23 ± 2.58

3.11 ± 2.55

3.27 ± 2.88

3.45 ± 2.69

3.41 ± 2.57

0.0164

Vitamin E intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

0.31 ± 0.26

0.29 ± 0.21

0.26 ± 0.16

0.26 ± 0.17

0.25 ± 0.15

0.26 ± 0.16

< 0.0001

Carotene intake (ug/100 Kcal/day)

73.42 ± 64.62

73.52 ± 83.18

72.64 ± 79.47

79.83 ± 95.19

83.16 ± 99.95

78.82 ± 82.90

0.0055

Magnesium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

15.19 ± 3.51

14.94 ± 3.59

14.77 ± 3.78

14.72 ± 3.77

15.12 ± 3.91

15.44 ± 4.15

0.99

Potassium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

102.00 ± 26.22

100.95 ± 32.25

97.17 ± 31.47

99.02 ± 35.06

102.44 ± 33.10

104.67 ± 32.89

0.55

Phosphorus intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

58.39 ± 10.29

59.32 ± 12.05

60.12 ± 13.49

62.13 ± 15.07

65.51 ± 14.03

68.70 ± 16.19

< 0.0001

Calcium intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

30.84 ± 13.12

30.61 ± 14.84

29.41 ± 15.20

30.01 ± 18.41

30.53 ± 15.54

31.44 ± 15.90

0.90

Iron intake (mg/100 Kcal/day)

1.39 ± 1.05

1.24 ± 0.88

1.14 ± 0.54

1.14 ± 0.52

1.14 ± 0.35

1.16 ± 0.29

< 0.0001

Sex

      

0.0001

 Boys

384 (44.6)§

481 (47.1)

654 (49.2)

708 (49.9)

414 (53.6)

155 (51.8)

 

 Girls

477 (55.4)

540 (52.9)

674 (50.8)

712 (50.1)

359 (46.4)

144 (48.2)

 

Grade

      

0.0001

 Two

217 (25.2)

276 (27.0)

385 (29.0)

431 (30.4)

212 (27.4)

96 (32.1)

 

 Three

209 (24.3)

291 (28.5)

381 (28.7)

380 (26.8)

205 (26.5)

73 (24.4)

 

 Four

231 (26.8)

267 (26.2)

362 (27.3)

384 (27.0)

231 (29.9)

88 (29.4)

 

 Five

204 (23.7)

187 (18.3)

200 (15.1)

225 (15.8)

125 (16.2)

42 (14.0)

 

Puberty

      

0.12

 Yes

782 (90.8)

931 (91.2)

1239 (93.3)

1316 (92.7)

711 (92.0)

278 (93.0)

 

 No

79 (9.2)

90 (8.8)

89 (6.7)

104 (7.3)

62 (8.0)

21 (7.0)

 

Birth weight

      

0.42

  < 2500 g

31 (3.6)

27 (2.6)

50 (3.8)

56 (3.9)

23 (3.0)

10 (3.3)

 

 2500–3999 g

696 (80.8)

793 (77.7)

1048 (78.9)

1114 (78.5)

635 (82.1)

244 (81.6)

 

  ≥ 4000 g

77 (8.9)

118 (11.6)

129 (9.7)

119 (8.4)

47 (6.1)

21 (7.0)

 

 Missing

57 (6.6)

83 (8.1)

101 (7.6)

131 (9.2)

68 (8.8)

24 (8.0)

 

Mother’s BMI

      

0.0008

  < 24 kg/m2

641 (74.4)

765 (74.9)

980 (73.8)

1113 (78.4)

587 (75.9)

258 (86.3)

 

 24–27.9 kg/m2

159 (18.5)

176 (17.2)

235 (17.7)

203 (14.3)

136 (17.6)

25 (8.4)

 

  ≥ 28 kg/m2

24 (2.8)

28 (2.7)

40 (3.0)

22 (1.5)

15 (1.9)

6 (2.0)

 

 Missing

37 (4.3)

52 (5.1)

73 (5.5)

82 (5.8)

35 (4.5)

10 (3.3)

 

Father’s BMI

      

< 0.0001

  < 24 kg/m2

433 (50.3)

515 (50.4)

641 (48.3)

769 (54.2)

459 (59.4)

173 (57.9)

 

 24–27.9 kg/m2

307 (35.7)

346 (33.9)

494 (37.2)

477 (33.6)

217 (28.1)

102 (34.1)

 

  ≥ 28 kg/m2

84 (9.8)

108 (10.6)

120 (9.0)

92 (6.5)

62 (8.0)

14 (4.7)

 

 Missing

37 (4.3)

52 (5.1)

73 (5.5)

82 (5.8)

35 (4.5)

10 (3.3)

 

Mother’s education

      

< 0.0001

  < 7 years

132 (15.3)

135 (13.2)

151 (11.4)

163 (11.5)

65 (8.4)

11 (3.7)

 

 7–12 years

530 (61.6)

606 (59.4)

804 (60.5)

835 (58.8)

464 (60.0)

191 (63.9)

 

  ≥ 13 years

144 (16.7)

205 (20.1)

274 (20.6)

315 (22.2)

188 (24.3)

82 (27.4)

 

 Missing

55 (6.4)

75 (7.3)

99 (7.5)

107 (7.5)

56 (7.2)

15 (5.0)

 

Father’s education

      

< 0.0001

  < 7 years

80 (9.3)

69 (6.8)

101 (7.6)

80 (5.6)

36 (4.7)

7 (2.3)

 

 7–12 years

552 (64.1)

658 (64.4)

835 (62.9)

851 (59.9)

467 (60.4)

194 (64.9)

 

  ≥ 13 years

180 (20.9)

223 (21.8)

297 (22.4)

385 (27.1)

214 (27.7)

85 (28.4)

 

 Missing

49 (5.7)

71 (7.0)

95 (7.2)

104 (7.3)

56 (7.2)

13 (4.3)

 

Household income per month

      

< 0.0001

  < 750 RMB

108 (12.5)

145 (14.2)

153 (11.5)

149 (10.5)

67 (8.7)

13 (4.3)

 

 751–1500 RMB

317 (36.8)

339 (33.2)

420 (31.6)

414 (29.2)

199 (25.7)

70 (23.4)

 

 1501–2500 RMB

217 (25.2)

246 (24.1)

336 (25.3)

335 (23.6)

204 (26.4)

91 (30.4)

 

  ≥ 2501 RMB

150 (17.4)

208 (20.4)

307 (23.1)

400 (28.2)

243 (31.4)

110 (36.8)

 

 Missing

69 (8.0)

83 (8.1)

112 (8.4)

122 (8.6)

60 (7.8)

15 (5.0)

 

Intervention

      

< 0.0001

 No

288 (33.4)

440 (43.1)

695 (52.3)

729 (51.3)

361 (46.7)

116 (38.8)

 

 Yes

573 (66.6)

581 (56.9)

633 (47.7)

691 (48.7)

412 (53.3)

183 (61.2)

 
  1. BMI, body mass index; CMRS, cardiometabolic risk score; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride
  2. *HDS was computed by summing sub-scores with each of the leading dietary predictors as one point according to their associations with CMRS. For example, more than the median intake of fruit was scored as 1 and equal or less as 0, if fruit intake was inversely associated with CMRS
  3. †ANOVA was used to test the difference of continuous variables across healthy diet score and Chi-square for categorical variables
  4. ‡All such data were mean ± standard deviation
  5. §All such data were frequency (percentage)