Fruit and vegetable consumption before and during pregnancy and birth weight of new-borns in Japan: the Tohoku medical megabank project birth and three-generation cohort study

Table 4 Changes in energy-adjusted fruit and vegetable consumption from pre- to mid-pregnancy and new-born birth weight

^aAdjusted for maternal age (continuous variable), pre-pregnancy BMI (< 18.5; 18.5 to 25.0; ≥25.0 kg/m²), parity (never; one or more), educational attainment (high school graduate or less; junior college or vocational college graduate; university graduate or above; others), household income (< 4,000,000; 4,000,000-5,999,999; ≥ 6,000,000 Japanese Yen/year), cigarette smoking (never; stop before pregnancy; stop after pregnancy; current), alcohol drinking (never; former; current), folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (yes vs. no), changes in fruit, vegetable, meat, fish, grain, potato, bean, and daily product consumption (category A; B; C; D) except for the exposures
^bWomen whose answers to the first and second FFQs were in the first or second quartile
^cWomen whose answers to the first FFQ comprised the first or second quartile and whose responses to the second FFQ were in the third or fourth quartile
^dWomen whose answers to the first FFQ were in the third or fourth quartile and whose responses to the second FFQ were the first or second quartile
^eWomen whose answers to the first and second FFQs were in both the third or fourth quartile
All dietary consumption was energy-adjusted using the residual method
BMI Body mass index; FFQ Food frequency questionnaire; 95% CI 95% confidence interval

ISSN: 1475-2891