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Table 3 Subgroup analyses for the association between trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and stroke

From: Gut microbiota-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-Oxide and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Group

No. of studies

WMD (95% CI)

P within group

P between group*

Effect model

P heterogeneity

I2, %

Total

4

2.20 (1.21, 3.18)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Random

< 0.001

99.7

Study quality

 High

1

0.45 (0.34, 0.57)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

 Moderate

3

2.82 (1.19, 4.46)

0.001

 

Random

< 0.001

99.2

Design

   

< 0.001

   

Case- control

3

2.90 (−0.39, 6.20)

0.085

 

Random

< 0.001

99.7

Nested case-control

1

0.20 (0.15, 0.24)

< 0.001

   

Sample

   

< 0.001

   

Plasma

2

0.49 (−0.08, 1.07)

0.094

 

Random

< 0.001

99.4

Serum

2

3.96 (−0.08, 8.01)

0.05

 

Random

< 0.001

99.5

Sample size

   

< 0.001

   

< 550

2

3.96 (−0.08, 8.01)

0.055

 

Random

< 0.001

99.5

≥ 550

2

0.49 (− 0.08, 1.07)

0.094

 

Random

< 0.001

99.4

Mean/ median age (y)

   

< 0.001

   

<  60

1

0.45 (0.34, 0.57)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

60–65

3

2.82 (1.19, 4.46)

0.001

 

Random

< 0.001

99.2

% Male

   

< 0.001

   

< 55

2

1.03 (−0.63, 2.69)

0.224

 

Random

< 0.001

98.1

≥ 55

2

3.40 (−1.72, 8.54)

0.194

 

Random

< 0.001

99.9

HTN%

   

< 0.001

   

< 70

1

6.18 (5.47, 6.89)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

≥ 70

2

0.57 (0.32, 0.82)

< 0.001

 

Random

0.018

82.2

N/A

1

1.77 (1.57, 1.97)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

Diabetes %

   

< 0.001

   

< 20

2

3.31 (−2.30, 8.92)

0.248

 

Random

< 0.001

99.6

≥ 20

2

1.24 (0.20, 2.28)

0.019

 

Random

< 0.001

98.4

Current smoking %

   

< 0.001

   

< 30

2

0.57 (0.32, 0.82)

< 0.001

 

Random

0.018

82.2

≥ 30

1

6.18 (5.47, 6.89)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

N/A

1

1.77 (1.57, 1.97)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, HTN Hypertension, WMD Weighted mean difference *Between groups comparisons are obtained from inverse variance method