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Table 2 Subgroup analyses for the prevalence of stroke in highest versus lowest trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) categories

From: Gut microbiota-associated metabolite trimethylamine N-Oxide and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Group

No. of studies

WMD (95% CI)

P within group

P between group*

Effect model

P heterogeneity

I2, %

Total

5

1.67 (0.86, 3.24)

0.047

 

Random

< 0.001

84.9

Location

 USA

2

2.07 (0.31, 13.82)

0.451

0.056

Random

< 0.001

95.1

 Asia

2

1.47 (1.06, 2.03)

0.019

 

Fixed

0.565

0

 EVOLVE trial

1

1.11 (0.61, 1.99)

0.721

   

–

Study quality

   

0.004

   

High

3

2.31 (0.76, 7.02)

0.137

 

Random

< 0.001

87.1

Moderate

2

1.12 (0.63, 2.01)

0.687

 

Random

0.103

62.4

Design

Cross-sectional

2

1.26 (0.75, 2.11)

0.36

< 0.001

Fixed

0.349

0

Cohort

1

5.41 (3.16, 9.25)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

–

–

Case-cohort

1

0.78 (0.40, 1.48)

0.45

 

Fixed

–

–

Nested case-control

1

1.43 (1.01, 2.00)

0.039

 

Fixed

–

–

Sample

   

0.024

   

Plasma

2

2.07 (0.31, 13.82)

0.452

 

Random

< 0.001

95.1

Serum

3

1.37 (1.03, 1.83)

0.026

 

Fixed

0.6

0.0

Disease status

   

< 0.001

   

Patients with CVD

2

1.12 (0.45, 2.75)

0.797

 

Random

0.143

53.5

Stroke

1

1.43 (1.01, 2.00)

0.039

 

Fixed

0

0

Renal disorders

1

1.11 (0.61, 1.99)

0.721

 

Fixed

0

0

T2DM

1

5.41 (3.16, 9.25)

< 0.001

 

Fixed

0

0

Sample size

   

0.048

   

1000 <

3

2.03 (0.83, 4.95)

0.116

 

Random

< 0.001

90.3

≥ 1000

2

1.12 (0.45, 2.75)

0.797

 

Random

0.143

53.5

Mean/ median age (y)

   

0.023

   

≥ 65

2

1.12 (0.45, 2.75)

0.726

 

Fixed

–

0

60–65

2

2.73 (0.74, 10.07)

0..130

 

Random

< 0.001

94.1

< 60

1

1.11 (0.61, 1.99)

0.797

 

Random

0.143

53.5

Male %

   

0.004

   

< 55

2

1.12 (0.63, 2.01)

0.687

  

0.103

62.4

≥ 55

3

2.31 (0.76, 7.02)

0.137

  

< 0.001

87.1

HTN%

   

< 0.001

   

< 80

2

3.67 (1.41, 9.54)

0.008

 

Random

0.102

62.5

≥ 80

3

1.17 (0.83, 1.64)

0.356

 

Fixed

0.248

28.3

Diabetes %

   

0.024

   

< 50

3

1.37 (1.03, 1.83)

0.026

 

Fixed

0.6

0

≥ 50

2

2.45 (1.62, 3.70)

< 0.001

 

Random

< 0.001

95.1

Current smoking %

   

< 0.001

   

< 40

3

1.17 (0.83, 1.64)

0.356

 

Fixed

0.248

28.3

≥ 40

2

3.67 (1.41, 9.54)

0.008

 

Random

0.102

62.5

  1. Abbreviations: EVOLVE valuation of Cinacalcet Hydrochloride Therapy to Lower Cardiovascular Events, CI Confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, T2DM Type two diabetes, HTN Hypertension, WMD Weighted mean difference *Between groups comparisons are obtained from inverse variance method
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Nutrition Journal

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