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Table 6 Intake of proteins, minerals, and vitamins in Chinese lactating mothers

From: Dietary intake in lactating mothers in China 2018: report of a survey

  

Total (n = 954)

Urban (n = 514)

Rural (n = 440)

P-value1

Median

(p25; p75)

Below EARa

Above RNI/AIb

Above ULc

Median

(p25; p75)

Below EARa

Above RNI/AIb

Above ULc

Median

(P25; p75)

Below EARa

Above RNI/AIb

Above ULc

Protein (g/d)

60.69 (47.84; 83.3)

590 (61.8)

269 (28.2)

–

66.58 (51.38; 88.36)

281 (54.7)

173 (33.7)

–

56.49 (45.03; 76.2)

309 (70.2)

96 (21.8)

–

0.000*

Insoluble dietary fiber (g/d)

8.47 (5.87; 12.24)

–

19 (2)

–

8.98 (6.31; 12.74)

–

14 (2.7)

–

7.86 (5.53; 11.83)

–

5 (1.1)

–

0.001*

VA (μgRAE/d)

302.31 (202.5; 454.9)

902 (94.5)

14 (1.5)

1 (0.1)

340.12 (234.71; 508.66)

475 (92.4)

11 (2.1)

–

251.12 (170.68; 402.5)

427 (97)

3 (0.7)

1 (0.2)

0.000*

VB1 (mg/d)

0.84 (0.5; 6.05)

562 (58.9)

366 (38.4)

–

0.86 (0.53; 5.92)

305 (59.3)

192 (37.4)

–

0.83 (0.49; 6.14)

257 (58.4)

174 (39.5)

–

0.574 ns

VB2 (mg/d)

0.85 (0.62; 1.27)

695 (72.9)

174 (18.2)

–

0.91 (0.67; 1.39)

353 (68.7)

113 (22)

–

0.78 (0.53; 1.13)

342 (77.7)

61 (13.9)

–

0.000*

VB3 (mgNE/d)

13.49 (9.99; 19.62)

374 (39.2)

255 (26.7)

33 (3.5)

14.93 (10.64; 20.97)

173 (33.7)

157 (30.5)

24 (4.7)

12.67 (9.43; 17.56)

201 (45.7)

98 (22.3)

9 (2)

0.006*

VB6 (mg/d)

1.83 (1.22; 2.7)

319 (33.4)

516 (54.1)

–

1.92 (1.31; 2.78)

149 (29)

300 (58.4)

–

1.67 (1.14; 2.6)

170 (38.6)

216 (49.1)

–

0.000*

VB9 (μgDFE/d)

212.27 (151.22; 298.16)

892 (93.5)

42 (4.4)

1 (0.1)

232.11 (165.41; 310.63)

473 (92)

31 (6)

–

194.71 (137.43; 279.78)

419 (95.2)

11 (2.5)

1 (0.2)

0.000*

VB12 (μg/d)

2.71 (1.57; 4.55)

451 (47.3)

384 (40.3)

–

2.83 (1.82; 5.04)

226 (44)

225 (43.8)

–

2.5 (1.4; 3.92)

225 (51.1)

159 (36.1)

–

0.000*

VC (mg/d)

70.29 (39.78; 126.32)

712 (74.6)

180 (18.9)

–

81.09 (46.99; 135.45)

365 (71)

111 (21.6)

–

59.91 (31.3; 109.43)

347 (78.9)

69 (15.7)

–

0.000*

VE (mg α-TE/d)

15.22 (15.22; 18.27)

–

408 (42.8)

–

15.22 (15.22; 18.27)

–

249 (48.4)

–

15.22 (15.22; 18.27)

–

159 (36.1)

–

0.000*

Calcium (mg/d)

412.57 (253.59; 647.79)

809 (84.8)

77 (8.1)

12 (1.3)

469.63 (287.62; 714.6)

417 (81.1)

53 (10.3)

9 (1.8)

358.38 (209.21; 560.16)

392 (89.1)

24 (5.5)

3 (0.7)

0.000*

Iron (mg/d)

18.46 (14.36; 24.44)

461 (48.3)

226 (23.7)

27 (2.8)

19.53 (15.07; 25.49)

218 (42.4)

143 (27.8)

13 (2.5)

17.24 (13.81; 22.79)

243 (55.2)

83 (18.9)

14 (3.2)

0.000*

Zinc (mg/d)

9.95 (7.27; 13.16)

473 (49.6)

310 (32.5)

–

10.43 (7.66; 13.52)

230 (44.7)

196 (38.1)

–

9.39 (6.99; 12.44)

243 (55.2)

114 (25.9)

–

0.001*

Magnesium (mg/d)

222.01 (162.80; 303.56)

667 (69.9)

188 (19.7)

–

236.61 (175.22; 312.8)

347 (67.5)

109 (21.2)

–

206.28 (149.28; 297.93)

320 (72.7)

79 (18)

–

0.000*

Potassium (mg/d)

3109.37 (2266.7; 4183.84)

–

683 (71.6)

–

2450.57 (1883.35; 3112.14)

–

269 (52.3)

–

4120.23 (3258.95; 5187.27)

–

414 (94.1)

–

0.000*

Phosphorus (mg/d)

802.06 (613.22; 1054.92)

217 (22.7)

583 (61.1)

–

852.73 (652.16; 1124.44)

89 (17.3)

349 (67.9)

–

748.31 (573.52; 982.36)

128 (29.1)

234 (53.2)

–

0.000*

Sodium (mg/d)

2885.46 (2745.6; 3102.64)

–

954 (100)

–

2783.77 (2686.97; 2902.93)

–

954 (100)

–

3070.91 (2889; 3301.59)

–

954 (100)

–

0.000*

Copper (mg/d)

2.64 (1.35; 10.71)

153 (16)

405 (42.5)

300 (31.4)

2.59 (1.36; 10.37)

75 (14.6)

230 (44.7)

153 (29.8)

2.73 (1.27; 11.07)

78 (17.7)

175 (39.8)

147 (33.4)

0.685 ns

Iodine (µg/d)

33.06 (18.38; 122.44)

744 (78)

89 (9.3)

105 (11)

34.95 (19.88; 136.65)

396 (77)

48 (9.3)

61 (11.9)

30.2 (17.19; 117.95)

348 (79.1)

41 (9.3)

44 (10)

0.160 ns

  1. Shown are the intake of proteins, minerals, and vitamins in lactating mothers from urban and rural areas of China in 2018
  2. The data have been presented as number and percentage (n (%))
  3. RAE: retinol activity equivalent; NE: nicotinic acid equivalent; DFE: dietary folate equivalent; TE: tocopherol equivalent
  4. The EAR of protein, VA, VB1, VB2, VB3, VB6, VB9, VB12, VC, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and iodine were 70 g/d, 880 μgRAE/d, 1.2 mg/d, 1.2 mg/d,12 mgNE/d, 1.4 mg/d, 450 μgDEF/d, 2.6 μg/d, 125 mg/d, 810 mg/d, 18 mg/d, 9.9 mg/d, 280 mg/d, 600 mg/d, 1.1 mg/d and 170 µg/d
  5. The RNI of protein, VA, VB1, VB2, VB3, VB6, VB9, VB12, VC, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and iodine were 80 g/d, 1300 μgRAE/d, 1.8 mg/d, 1.5 mg/d, 18 mgNE/d, 1.7 mg/d, 500 μgDEF/d, 3.2 μg/d, 150 mg/d, 1000 mg/d, 24 mg/d, 12 mg/d, 330 mg/d, 720 mg/d, 1.4 mg/d and 240 µg/d
  6. The AI of insoluble dietary fiber, VE, potassium and sodium were 25–30 g/d, 17 mg α-TE, 2400 mg/d and 1500 mg/d
  7. The UL of VA, VB3, VB6, VB9, VC, VE, calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper and iodine were 3000 μgRAE/d, 35 mgNE/d, 60 mg/d, 1000 μgDEF/d, 2000 mg/d, 700 mg α-TE, 2000 mg/d, 42 mg/d, 40 mg/d, 3500 mg/d, 8 mg/d and 600 µg/d
  8. aBelow EAR: number and percentage of study participants whose intake of protein, minerals, and vitamins are below the EAR value
  9. bAbove RNI/AI: number and percentage of study participants whose intake of protein, minerals, and vitamins are above the RNI or AI value
  10. cAbove UL: number and percentage of study participants whose intake of protein, minerals, and vitamins are above the UL
  11. 1Statistically significant difference between urban and rural areas (p < 0.05) with Mann-Whitney U test; ns, p > 0.05 non-significant; *p < 0.05 significant