Table 1 Energy and nutrient intake per day by FFQ and 24-h recall

Energy (kcal)

3525 ± 1307

3668 ± 1560

2400 ± 838

2486 ± 923

2722 ± 1074

2577 ± 786

Protein (g)

137 ± 65

144 ± 75

82 ± 33

86 ± 45

98 ± 57

90 ± 31

(% energy)

16 ± 4

15 ± 3

14 ± 3

14 ± 4

14 ± 5

14 ± 2

Fat (g)

72 ± 31

74 ± 33

55 ± 27

49 ± 27

51 ± 24

51 ± 21

(% energy)

19 ± 6

20 ± 8

22 ± 10

20 ± 11

19 ± 10

20 ± 9

Carbohydrate (g)

566 ± 234

586 ± 268

385 ± 174

414 ± 192

457 ± 212

427 ± 167

(% energy)

65 ± 8

65 ± 8

64 ± 11

66 ± 13

67 ± 11

66 ± 10

Vitamin A (μg)

950.90 (575.83; 2235.12)

1360.05 (608.46; 2221.67)

319.01 (92.41; 1437.14

182.90 (40.02; 641.75)

227.95 (29.20; 632.51)

245.02 (91.72; 613.06)

β carotene (μg)

5326.82 (2993.34; 8607.47)

4770.12 (2016; 10,380.42)

951.21 (85.53; 6599.98)

667.29 (93.44; 3893.51)

2281.37 (161.19; 6667.31)

1180.59 (161.61; 4137.36)

Vitamin D (μg)*

1.32 (0.62; 2.72)

2.01 (0.98; 3.70)

0.13 (0; 1.37)

0 (0; 1.30)

0 (0; 1.37)

0 (0; 0.93)

Vitamin E (mg)*

9.53 (7.36; 12.05)

7.66 (5.64; 9.71)

5.12 (4.26; 7.37)

5.03 (3.89; 6.81)

5.41 (4.22; 6.69)

4.93 (4.17; 6.48)

Vitamin C (mg)*

338.55 (193.07; 517.51)

318.81 (127.78; 502.35)

48.59 (23.49; 100.30)

69.25 (21.67; 136.00)

100.83 (40.97; 188.80)

74.68 (40.19; 138.44)

Thiamine (mg)*

2.06 (1.51; 2.79)

2.32 (1.23; 3.95)

0.80 (0.58; 1.07)

0.92 (0.66; 1.40)

0.99 (0.67; 1.51)

0.86 (0.72; 1.20)

Riboflavin (mg)*

1.75 (1.16; 2.44)

2.00 (1.10; 3.16)

0.76 (0.46; 1.06)

0.73 (0.48; 1.12)

0.87 (0.55; 1.55)

0.78 (0.57; 1.09)

Niacin (mg)*

30.22 (23.70; 47.19)

36.72 (22.04; 56.02)

17.45 (13.01; 22.00)

17.10 (12.86; 24.16)

17.83 (12.60; 25.55)

17.67 (13.19; 21.94)

Pyridoxine (mg)*

2.86 (2.15; 3.99)

3.44 (1.78; 5.36)

1.47 (1.06; 1.87)

1.60 (1.13; 2.31)

1.94 (1.13; 2.95)

1.63 (1.25; 2.23)

Folate (μg)*

465.02 (327.63; 605.31)

723.28 (274.93; 1183.36)

156.24 (102.04; 240.96)

209.45 (126.84; 324.59)

251.31 (131.79; 512.09)

208.18 (144.22; 303.41)

Calcium (mg)*

1153.00 (688.69; 1970.40)

823.90 (488.07; 1288.51)

427.23 (231.06; 815.12)

309.34 (154.17; 679.85)

390.13 (169.16; 747.60)

417.07 (245.42; 649.60)

Iron (mg)

21.20 (15.56; 30.14)

20.28 (12.08; 29.77)

11.64 (8.83; 18.01)

11.29 (7.55; 15.33)

12.20 (8.40; 18.81)

11.71 (9.08; 15.41)

Magnesium (mg)

599.45 (444.62; 791.89)

541.01 (373.81; 838.58)

343.97 (223.41; 445.03)

368.97 (255.36; 517.58)

412.56 (260.21; 850.46)

377.16 (273.26; 517.55)

Phosphorus (mg)*

1852.25 (1333.25; 2802.22)

1842.62 (1138.26; 2630.94)

1031.98 (772.92; 1423.72)

1032.96 (733.01; 1499.55)

1130.87 (747.31; 1620.75)

1091.30 (787.46; 1419.22)

Potassium (mg)

4024.04 (3104.68; 5015.33)

3854.38 (2349.68; 5501.72)

1895.62 (1472.81; 2477.37)

2060.48 (1465.06; 2854.32)

2233.78 (1620.63; 3461.53)

2071.59 (1668.35; 2641.39)

Sodium (mg)

807.66 (559.97; 1193.12)

842.97 (421.99; 1372.02)

405.77 (225.98; 713.32)

404.98 (210.65; 704.52)

399.39 (226.04; 771.00)

401.30 (256.70; 666.97)

Sodium (mg)^a

7221.55 (5783.86; 9147.38)

7435.54 (5479.35; 9579.75)

6809.13 (5450.99; 8523.87)

6879.05 (5441.08; 8682.33)

6839.14 (5613.07; 8996.42)

6866.07 (5532.86; 8855.34)

Zinc (mg)*

310.01 (114.70; 639.61)

494.12 (208.31; 1117.18)

13.28 (8.61; 23.83)

13.84 (9.01; 176.32

16.16 (10.43; 734.97)

14.24 (10.14; 20.12)