Table 1 Characteristics of the study population, NHANES 2011–2014 (N = 2496)
CERAD test | Animal Fluency test | Digit Symbol test | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Cognitive Performance | Low Cognitive Performance | P Value | Normal Cognitive Performance | Low Cognitive Performance | P Value | Normal Cognitive Performance | Low Cognitive Performance | P Value | |
Number of subjects (%)1 | 1851(74.2) | 645(25.8) | 1778(71.2) | 718(28.8) | 1850(74.1) | 646(25.9) | |||
Age (%)1 | 0.578 | 0.017 | 0.930 | ||||||
60–70 years | 1017(54.9) | 339(52.6) | 956(53.8) | 400(55.7) | 1006(54.4) | 350(54.2) | |||
70–80 years | 540(29.2) | 198(30.7) | 552(31.0) | 186(25.9) | 549(29.7) | 189(29.3) | |||
≥ 80 years | 294(15.9) | 108(16.7) | 270(15.2) | 132(18.4) | 295(15.9) | 107(16.6) | |||
Gender (%)1 | < 0.01 | 0.767 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Male | 811(43.8) | 393(60.9) | 861(48.4) | 343(47.8) | 838(45.3) | 366(56.7) | |||
Female | 1040(56.2) | 252(39.1) | 917(51.6) | 375(52.2) | 1012(54.7) | 280(43.3) | |||
Race (%)1 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Mexican American | 136 (7.3) | 75(11.6) | 149(8.4) | 62(8.6) | 120(6.5) | 91(14.1) | |||
Other Hispanic | 153 (8.3) | 90(14.0) | 150(8.4) | 93(13.0) | 119(6.4) | 124(19.2) | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 1002(54.1) | 253(39.2) | 1026(57.7) | 229(31.9) | 1087(58.8) | 168(26.0) | |||
Non-Hispanic Black | 399(21.6) | 183(28.4) | 328(18.4) | 254(35.4) | 342(18.5) | 240(37.2) | |||
Other race | 161(8.7) | 44(6.8) | 125(7.0) | 80(11.1) | 182(9.8) | 23(3.6) | |||
Educational level (%)1 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Below high school | 344(18.6) | 249(38.7) | 327(18.4) | 266(37.2) | 243(13.1) | 350(54.3) | |||
High school | 432(23.4) | 158(24.5) | 401(22.6) | 189(26.4) | 439(23.7) | 151(23.4) | |||
Above high school | 1074(58.1) | 237(36.8) | 1050(59.1) | 261(36.5) | 1168(63.1) | 143(22.2) | |||
Material status (%)1 | 0.675 | 0.050 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Married/Living with partner | 1089(58.9) | 374(58.0) | 1064(59.9) | 399(55.6) | 1140(61.7) | 323(50.1) | |||
Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married | 759(41.1) | 271(42.0) | 712(40.1) | 318(44.4) | 708(38.3) | 322(49.9) | |||
Poverty income ratio (%)1 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||||
≤ 0.99 | 236(13.8) | 128(21.6) | 214(12.9) | 150(23.0) | 184(10.7) | 180(30.5) | |||
≥ 1 | 1480(86.2) | 464(78.4) | 1442(87.1) | 502(77.0) | 1534(89.3) | 410(69.5) | |||
Body mass index (%)1 | 0.092 | 0.638 | 0.498 | ||||||
< 25 kg/m2 | 476(25.9) | 184(28.6) | 464(26.1) | 196 (27.7) | 487(26.4) | 173(27.2) | |||
25–30 kg/m2 | 629(34.2) | 233(36.2) | 625(35.2) | 237(33.5) | 653(35.4) | 209(32.8) | |||
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 735(39.9) | 226(35.1) | 686(38.6) | 275(38.8) | 706(38.2) | 255(40.0) | |||
Work activity (%)1 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Vigorous | 220 (11.9) | 55(8.5) | 216(12.1) | 59(8.2) | 223(12.1) | 52(8.0) | |||
Moderate | 403(21.8) | 108(16.7) | 389(21.9) | 122(17.0) | 411(22.2) | 100(15.5) | |||
Other | 1228(66.3) | 482(74.7) | 1173(66.0) | 537(74.8) | 1216(65.7) | 494(76.5) | |||
Recreational activities (%)1 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | ||||||
Vigorous | 205(11.1) | 36(5.6) | 199(11.2) | 42(5.8) | 227(12.3) | 14(2.2) | |||
Moderate | 615(33.2) | 202(31.3) | 621(34.9) | 196(27.3) | 639(34.5) | 178(27.6) | |||
Other | 1031(55.7) | 407(63.1) | 958(53.9) | 480(66.9) | 984(53.2) | 454(70.3) | |||
Hypertension (%)1 | 1149(62.1) | 406(63.1) | 0.641 | 1069(60.0) | 486(67.8) | < 0.01 | 1114(60.3) | 441(68.3) | < 0.01 |
Diabetes (%)1 | 412(22.3) | 173(26.8) | 0.019 | 374(21.0) | 211(29.4) | < 0.01 | 372(20.1) | 213(33.0) | < 0.01 |
Had at least 12 alcohol drinks/1 yr (%)1 | 1272(69.0) | 446(70.2) | 0.566 | 1262(71.4) | 456(64.2) | < 0.01 | 1316(71.5) | 402(63.1) | < 0.01 |
Ever told you had a stroke (%)1 | 108(5.9) | 54(8.4) | 0.025 | 99(5.6) | 63(8.8) | 0.003 | 89(4.8) | 73(11.3) | < 0.01 |
Total ω-3 fatty acids intake (mg/kcal/day)2 | 0.87(0.50) | 0.84(0.50) | 0.014 | 0.88(0.50) | 0.86(0.48) | 0.156 | 0.88(0.50) | 0.82(0.42) | < 0.01 |
Total ω-6 fatty acids intake (mg/kcal/day)2 | 7.83(3.65) | 7.23(3.36) | < 0.01 | 7.80(3.72) | 7.37(3.27) | 0.002 | 7.87(3.76) | 7.08(3.06) | < 0.01 |
ω-6: ω-3 ratio2 | 8.61(3.00) | 8.32(2.57) | 0.032 | 8.55(2.84) | 8.44(3.04) | 0.261 | 8.54(2.92) | 8.45(2.74) | 0.207 |