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Table 3 Percent contribution of various food groups to total every intake by gender (n = 3394)

From: Sex disparities in dietary intake across the lifespan: the case of Lebanon

 

Total

(n = 3394)

Males

(n = 1578)

Females

(n = 1816)

p-value*

 

Mean %EI ± SE

 

Children and adolescents (6–19.9 years)

 Bread

16.67 ± 0.44

17.35 ± 0.62

15.98 ± 0.62

0.122

 Cereals

14.77 ± 0.63

15.56 ± 0.89

13.99 ± 0.89

0.216

 Legumes

2.69 ± 0.30

2.48 ± 0.43

2.9 ± 0.43

0.484

 Starchy Vegetables

5.14 ± 0.29

4.85 ± 0.41

5.44 ± 0.41

0.311

 Vegetables

4.94 ± 0.30

4.37 ± 0.43

5.52 ± 0.43

0.060

 Chips & Salty Crackers

4.12 ± 0.27

4.03 ± 0.39

4.21 ± 0.39

0.750

 Nuts & Seeds

1.67 ± 0.24

1.22 ± 0.34

2.11 ± 0.34

0.066

 Dairy Products

  Milk

1.87 ± 0.16

1.63 ± 0.22

2.12 ± 0.22

0.123

  Milk Derivatives

6.18 ± 0.29

5.88 ± 0.41

6.48 ± 0.41

0.304

  Milk Sweetened

0.31 ± 0.08

0.32 ± 0.12

0.31 ± 0.12

0.956

 Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs

  Red Meat

4.74 ± 0.33

5.53 ± 0.47

3.96 ± 0.47

0.020

  Processed Meat

2.0 ± 0.20

2.34 ± 0.29

1.64 ± 0.29

0.091

  Poultry

3.60 ± 0.31

3.53 ± 0.44

3.66 ± 0.44

0.835

  Fish

0.68 ± 0.16

0.77 ± 0.22

0.60 ± 0.22

0.573

  Eggs

1.07 ± 0.14

1.14 ± 0.20

0.98 ± 0.20

0.578

 Fruits, Total

  Whole Fruits

3.52 ± 0.20

2.71 ± 0.28

4.33 ± 0.28

< 0.001

  Fresh Juices (100% fruit juices)

0.10 ± 0.03

0.08 ± 0.04

0.12 ± 0.04

0.514

 Sweets & Added Sugars

  Sweets

9.20 ± 0.43

8.46 ± 0.61

9.94 ± 0.61

0.092

  Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses

1.82 ± 0.11

1.77 ± 0.16

1.88 ± 0.16

0.617

 Sugar Sweetened Beverages

6.44 ± 0.24

7.16 ± 0.34

5.73 ± 0.34

0.003

 Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea)

0.11 ± 0.01

0.11 ± 0.02

0.1 ± 0.02

0.888

 Alcoholic Beverages

0.15 ± 0.06

0.16 ± 0.08

0.13 ± 0.08

0.817

 Added Fats & Oils

4.69 ± 0.24

4.23 ± 0.35

5.16 ± 0.35

0.058

 Fast Food

2.51 ± 0.29

3.37 ± 0.42

1.65 ± 0.42

0.004

 Miscellaneous

1.01 ± 0.09

0.96 ± 0.13

1.07 ± 0.13

0.549

Adults (20–59.9 years)

 Bread

17.21 ± 0.34

19.28 ± 0.54

15.14 ± 0.49

< 0.001

 Cereals

15.94 ± 0.50

16.39 ± 0.79

15.49 ± 0.72

0.429

 Legumes

3.51 ± 0.24

4.07 ± 0.39

2.95 ± 0.35

0.043

 Starchy Vegetables

3.90 ± 0.17

3.72 ± 0.27

4.09 ± 0.25

0.348

 Vegetables

8.32 ± 0.28

6.10 ± 0.45

10.55 ± 0.41

< 0.001

 Chips & Salty Crackers

0.93 ± 0.09

0.74 ± 0.14

1.12 ± 0.13

0.059

 Nuts & Seeds

2.46 ± 0.20

2.40 ± 0.31

2.52 ± 0.28

0.795

 Dairy Products

  Milk

0.99 ± 0.08

0.70 ± 0.13

1.29 ± 0.11

0.001

  Milk Derivatives

7.05 ± 0.22

6.50 ± 0.36

7.59 ± 0.32

0.033

  Milk Sweetened

0.26 ± 0.06

0.20 ± 0.09

0.31 ± 0.08

0.356

 Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs

  Red Meat

6.46 ± 0.29

7.03 ± 0.46

5.89 ± 0.42

0.086

  Processed Meat

0.79 ± 0.08

0.87 ± 0.12

0.72 ± 0.11

0.406

  Poultry

4.21 ± 0.24

4.55 ± 0.38

3.87 ± 0.35

0.224

  Fish

1.22 ± 0.13

1.49 ± 0.20

0.95 ± 0.18

0.061

  Eggs

0.74 ± 0.07

0.86 ± 0.10

0.61 ± 0.10

0.095

 Fruits, Total

  Whole Fruits

4.03 ± 0.15

3.30 ± 0.23

4.76 ± 0.21

< 0.001

  Fresh Juices (100% fruit juices)

0.22 ± 0.03

0.24 ± 0.05

0.20 ± 0.05

0.528

 Sweets & Added Sugars

  Sweets

6.70 ± 0.27

4.81 ± 0.44

8.60 ± 0.40

< 0.001

  Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses

1.65 ± 0.07

1.56 ± 0.11

1.75 ± 0.10

0.242

 Sugar Sweetened Beverages

4.0 ± 0.15

4.42 ± 0.24

3.57 ± 0.22

0.012

 Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea)

0.65 ± 0.05

0.46 ± 0.08

0.83 ± 0.07

0.001

 Alcoholic Beverages

0.74 ± 0.08

1.30 ± 0.14

0.19 ± 0.12

< 0.001

 Added Fats & Oils

4.32 ± 0.16

4.62 ± 0.26

4.01 ± 0.24

0.110

 Fast Food

2.56 ± 0.23

3.20 ± 0.37

1.93 ± 0.33

0.016

 Miscellaneous

1.15 ± 0.10

1.20 ± 0.17

1.10 ± 0.15

0.675

Older adults (≥ 60 years)

 Bread

20.82 ± 0.83

21.88 ± 1.48

19.77 ± 1.63

0.424

 Cereals

14.67 ± 1.07

12.26 ± 1.90

17.07 ± 2.09

0.156

 Legumes

3.59 ± 0.53

4.93 ± 0.95

2.25 ± 1.04

0.112

 Starchy Vegetables

2.68 ± 0.34

2.89 ± 0.61

2.46 ± 0.66

0.686

 Vegetables

10.55 ± 0.68

8.02 ± 1.22

13.08 ± 1.33

0.020

 Chips & Salty Crackers

0.22 ± 0.12

0.34 ± 0.22

0.10 ± 0.24

0.533

 Nuts & Seeds

0.99 ± 0.27

2.07 ± 0.49

0

N/A

 Dairy Products

  Milk

1.50 ± 0.22

1.06 ± 0.39

1.94 ± 0.43

0.203

  Milk Derivatives

9.02 ± 0.52

7.70 ± 0.93

10.34 ± 1.02

0.110

  Milk Sweetened

0.30 ± 0.15

0.32 ± 0.27

0.28 ± 0.29

0.935

 Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs

  Red Meat

7.54 ± 0.65

8.75 ± 1.16

6.33 ± 1.27

0.242

  Processed Meat

0.51 ± 0.19

0.55 ± 0.33

0.46 ± 0.37

0.890

  Poultry

3.19 ± 0.42

3.35 ± 0.75

3.03 ± 0.82

0.813

  Fish

0.45 ± 0.13

0.49 ± 0.22

0.40 ± 0.25

0.823

  Eggs

0.82 ± 0.20

0.75 ± 0.36

0.89 ± 0.39

0.825

 Fruits, Total

  Whole Fruits

7.38 ± 0.42

6.49 ± 0.74

8.26 ± 0.81

0.180

  Fresh Juices (100% fruit juices)

0.26 ± 0.08

0.23 ± 0.14

0.30 ± 0.15

0.800

 Sweets & Added Sugars

  Sweets

4.09 ± 0.53

5.05 ± 0.95

3.12 ± 1.04

0.250

  Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses

1.49 ± 0.16

1.43 ± 0.28

1.54 ± 0.31

0.828

 Sugar Sweetened Beverages

1.55 ± 0.21

1.48 ± 0.37

1.62 ± 0.41

0.835

 Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea)

0.23 ± 0.02

0.23 ± 0.04

0.24 ± 0.04

0.885

 Alcoholic Beverages

1.10 ± 0.19

1.62 ± .34

0.58 ± 0.37

0.087

 Added Fats & Oils

5.70 ± 0.44

6.65 ± 0.79

4.75 ± 0.87

0.18

 Fast Food

0.41 ± 0.22

0.44 ± 0.39

0.38 ± 0.42

0.930

 Miscellaneous

0.97 ± 0.18

1.03 ± 0.33

0.91 ± 0.36

0.838

  1. Abbreviations:EI energy intake; SE standard error
  2. Values in this table represent mean ± SE
  3. Means were adjusted for variables found to be significantly associated with gender, as per Table 1
  4. *p values were obtained from comparison of adjusted means using ANCOVA
  5. Bolded numbers are significant at p < 0.05
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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