Time trends of non-alcoholic beverage consumption among adults in Germany, 1990–2011

Nutrition Journal

Table 2 Trends in frequent intake of fruit and vegetable juice (%, 95-CI) by gender, age groups and education level ^a among adults in Germany ^b

	EW ^c		GNHIES98^c		DEGS^c		absolute difference (%)	p trend^d
	1990–1992		1997–1999		2008–2011		1990–2011
	%	95%-CI	%	95%-CI	%	95%-CI	%	95%-CI
Men	19.4	17.9–21.0	20.1	18.5–21.9	26.9	24.7–29.2	+ 7.5	< 0.0001
Age groups (years)
25–34	23.0	19.8–26.6	23.8	20.3–27.7	30.0	24.8–35.8	+ 7.0	n.s.
35–44	16.6	13.8–19.9	20.2	16.9–24.0	31.2	26.0–36.9	+ 14.6	< 0.0001
45–54	19.0	16.2–22.0	17.7	14.5–21.5	21.6	18.2–25.5	+ 2.6	n.s.
55–69	19.6	17.0–22.6	19.8	17.1–23.0	26.2	22.6–30.0	+ 6.6	0.009
Education
Low	19.2	15.5–23.6	19.6	14.5–26.0	13.6	9.6–18.8	−5.6	n.s.
Middle	17.7	15.7–19.8	17.8	15.7–20.1	26.4	23.4–29.6	+ 8.7	< 0.0001
High	22.9	20.2–25.8	24.5	21.5–27.9	32.7	29.4–36.2	+ 9.8	< 0.0001
Women	24.4	22.7–26.1	25.9	24.1–27.7	27.6	25.3–30.0	+ 3.2	n.s.
Age groups (years)
25–34	28.3	25.1–31.7	32.4	28.7–36.2	28.8	23.6–34.6	+ 0.5	n.s.
35–44	24.2	21.2–27.4	25.2	21.7–29.0	28.3	23.9–33.0	+ 4.1	n.s.
45–54	22.4	19.6–25.5	24.1	20.5–28.2	27.0	23.3–30.9	+ 4.6	n.s.
55–69	23.7	20.8–26.9	23.7	20.7–27.0	26.9	23.5–30.6	+ 3.2	n.s.
Education
Low	19.8	17.1–22.9	20.2	17.0–23.9	28.4	22.9–34.7	+ 8.6	0.02
Middle	25.0	23.0–27.2	26.7	24.2–29.3	27.0	24.3–29.9	+ 2.0	n.s.
High	32.4	28.5–36.6	32.4	28.3–36.9	28.9	24.9–33.2	−3.5	n.s.

^aInformation on education based on the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED, version 1997) low (9 or 10 years: lower secondary), medium (11–13 years: upper secondary), and high (14 or more years: higher education)
^bAll data are weighted to the German population as of 31.12.2010
^cEW East/West Health Survey, GNHIES98 German National Interview and Health Examination Survey 1998, DEGS German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults
^dp for trend, age-standardized

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