Table 4 Diet quality scores (in times/day) identified in the total sample with pro-Healthy-Diet-Index (pHDI) and non-Healthy-Diet-Index (nHDI) by metabolic health status: data from KomPAN questionnaire (median and interquartile range)
Diet quality scores and food items | Total sample | MH | MS | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
pHDI | 3.88 (2.7–5.32) | 3.98 [2.85–5.49] | 3.47 (2.48–4.82) | 0.005 |
Components of pHDI | ||||
(1) Fruit | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.059 |
(2) Vegetables | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.083 |
(3) Milk | 0.50 (0.14–1.00) | 0.50 (0.14–1.00) | 0.50 (0.06–1.00) | 0.031 |
(4) White meat | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.522 |
(5) Coarse-ground groats | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.003 |
(6) Fermented milk drinks | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.466 |
(7) Cheese curd products | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.598 |
(8) Whole meal bread | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.883 |
(9) Fish | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–1.00) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.989 |
(10) Legumes-based foods | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | 0.118 |
nHDI | 4.70 (3.26–6.26) | 4.48 (3.08–6.08) | 5.38 (3.65–6.63) | < 0.0001 |
Components of nHDI | ||||
(1) White bread | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.50 (0.50–2.00) | 0.171 |
(2) Cheese | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.035 |
(3) Cured meat | 0.50 (0.14–0.75) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.50–1.00) | 0.002 |
(4) Fried foods | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.025 |
(5) Sweets | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.50 (0.14–0.50) | 0.359 |
(6) Butter | 0.50 (0.06–1.00) | 0.50 (0.06–1.00) | 0.50 (0.14–1.00) | 0.032 |
(7) Red meat | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.039 |
(8) White rice and fine-ground groats | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | 0.897 |
(9) Sweetened carbonated or still drinks drinks | 0.06 (0.06–0.50) | 0.06 (0.06–0.50) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | < 0.0001 |
(10) Alcoholic beverages | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.14 (0.06–0.50) | < 0.0001 |
(11) Fast foods | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.06 (0.06–0.14) | 0.010 |
(12) Energy drinks | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.0002 |
(13) Lard | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.011 |
(14) Tinned (jar) meats | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.00 (0.00–0.06) | 0.002 |