Table 2 Characteristics of study participants by metabolic health status (number (%) or mean ± standard deviation or median ± interquartile range)
Variables | Total sample | MH | MS | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 797 | 565 | 232 | – |
Sample percentage | 100 | 70.9 | 29.1 | – |
Sociodemographic | ||||
Age (years) | 27.9 ± 4.5 | 27.2 ± 4.5 | 29.4 ± 4.1 | < 0.0001 |
Male sex (%) | 460 (57.7) | 268 (47.4) | 192 (82.8) | < 0.0001 |
Residence (%) | ||||
village | 121 (15.2) | 80 (14.2) | 41 (17.7) | 0.179 |
small town (< 20,000 inhabitants) | 89 (11.2) | 68 (12.0) | 21 (9.1) | |
town (20,000 to 100,000 inhabitants) | 161 (20.2) | 107 (18.9) | 54 (23.3) | |
city (> 100,000 inhabitants) | 426 (53.5) | 310 (54.9) | 116 (50.0) | |
Education (%) | ||||
primary/lower secondary | 53 (6.6) | 29 (5.1) | 24 (10.3) | 0.021 |
upper secondary | 302 (37.9) | 213 (37.7) | 89 (38.4) | |
higher | 442 (55.5) | 323 (57.2) | 119 (51.3) | |
Financial situation | ||||
average/below average | 598 (75.1) | 431 (76.4) | 167 (72.0) | 0.05 |
above average | 198 (24.9) | 133 (23.6) | 65 (28.0) | |
Nutrition knowledge score (points) | 12.2 ± 3.9 | 12.5 ± 3.9 | 11.5 ± 4.0 | 0.0009 |
Lifestyle | ||||
Physical activity at leisure | ||||
low | 206 (25.8) | 134 (23.7) | 72 (31.0) | 0.087 |
moderate | 366 (45.9) | 264 (46.7) | 102 (44.0) | |
high | 225 (28.2) | 167 (29.6) | 58 (25.0) | |
Current smoking (vs. non-smoking) (%) | 184 (23.3) | 120 (21.4) | 64 (27.8) | 0.053 |
Family health history | ||||
Diabetes mellitus in 1st degree relatives (%) | 113 (14.2) | 73 (12.9) | 40 (17.2) | 0.112 |
Premature CAD in 1st degree relatives (%) | 394 (49.4) | 260 (46.0) | 134 (57.8) | 0.003 |
Dietary | ||||
pHDI (% points) | 21.0 ± 10.1 | 21.6 ± 9.9 | 19.7 ± 10.6 | 0.005 |
nHDI (% points) | 17.5 ± 8.1 | 16.7 ± 7.8 | 19.4 ± 8.3 | < 0.0001 |
Lowest adherence to DP (%) | ||||
Prudent | 266 (33.4) | 179 (31.7) | 87 (37.5) | 0.113 |
Western | 266 (33.4) | 213 (37.7) | 53 (22.8) | < 0.0001 |
Dairy, breakfast cereals & treats | 266 (33.4) | 176 (31.2) | 90 (38.8) | 0.809 |
Moderate adherence to DP (%) | ||||
Prudent | 266 (33.4) | 196 (34.7) | 70 (30.2) | 0.219 |
Western | 266 (33.4) | 183 (32.4) | 83 (35.8) | 0.357 |
Dairy, breakfast cereals & treats | 266 (33.4) | 196 (34.7) | 70 (30.2) | 0.219 |
Highest adherence to DP (%) | ||||
Prudent | 265 (33.2) | 190 (33.6) | 75 (32.3) | 0.7233 |
Western | 265 (33.2) | 169 (29.9) | 96 (41.4) | 0.002 |
Dairy, breakfast cereals & treats | 265 (33.2) | 193 (34.2) | 72 (31.1) | 0.395 |
Adiposity | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 4.4 | 23.0 ± 3.5 | 27.8 ± 4.6 | < 0.0001 |
BMI by categories (kg/m2) | ||||
normal weight | 21.6 ± 2.2 | 21.3 ± 2.2 | 22.9 ± 1.7 | < 0.0001 |
overweight | 27.0 ± 1.3 | 26.9 ± 1.3 | 27.3 ± 1.4 | 0.01 |
obesity | 33.4 ± 2.6 | 32.4 ± 2.5 | 33.7 ± 2.6 | 0.06 |
BMI categories (%) | ||||
normal weight | 481 (60.4) | 410 (72.6) | 71 (30.6) | < 0.0001 |
Overweight | 231 (29.0) | 136 (24.1) | 95 (40.9) | |
Obesity | 84 (10.5) | 18 (3.2) | 66 (28.4) | |
WHR | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | < 0.0001 |
WHR men | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | < 0.0001 |
WHR women | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.83 ± 0.07 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference men | 88.4 ± 9.0 | 85.1 ± 9.0 | 92.9 ± 11.6 | < 0.0001 |
Waist circumference women | 74.2 ± 11.3 | 72.2 ± 9.0 | 89.3 ± 14.8 | < 0.0001 |
Metabolic health | ||||
SBP (mmHg) | 126.7 ± 14.3 | 122.8 ± 12.8 | 135.6 ± 13.7 | < 0.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 10.8 | 76.4 ± 9.8 | 83.8 ± 11.2 | < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.94 ± 1.04 | 4.65 ± 0.9 | 5.66 ± 1.13 | < 0.0001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.96 ± 0.9 | 2.67 ± 0.8 | 3.68 ± 0.9 | < 0.0001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.59 ± 0.45 | 1.70 ± 0.41 | 1.32 ± 0.40 | < 0.0001 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.20 ± 1.14 | 0.87 ± 0.37 | 1.99 ± 1.80 | < 0.0001 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.00 ± 0.46 | 4.89 ± 0.38 | 5.27 ± 0.53 | < 0.0001 |
Metabolic abnormalities (%) | ||||
Elevated SBP | 305 (39.9) | 142 (26.5) | 163 (71.2) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated DBP | 213 (27.9) | 99 (18.5) | 114 (49.8) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated total cholesterol | 279 (35.0) | 121 (21.4) | 158 (68.1) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated LDL-cholesterol | 237 (29.7) | 90 (15.9) | 147 (63.4) | < 0.0001 |
Lowered HDL-cholesterol | 62 (7.8) | 8 (1.4%) | 54 (23.3) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated triglycerides | 125 (15.7) | 16 (2.8) | 109 (47.0) | < 0.0001 |
Elevated glucose | 99 (12.4) | 21 (3.7) | 78 (33.6) | < 0.0001 |