Evaluation of sex differences in dietary behaviours and their relationship with cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative surveys in seven low- and middle-income countries

Table 3 Cross-sectional associations of salt behaviour with exceeding waist circumference ^a recommendations, having undiagnosed or diagnosed hypertension ^b or diabetes ^b, in seven low-and middle-income countries

	Waist circumference ^c (n = 20,784)	Hypertension ^d (n = 22,907)		Diabetes ^e (n = 16,643)
	Percentage (95% CI) exceeding recommendations	Percentage (95% CI) undiagnosed	Percentage (95% CI) diagnosed	Percentage (95% CI) undiagnosed	Percentage (95% CI) diagnosed
Overall
good salt behaviour	24.3 (22.3, 26.2)	14.8 (13.1, 16.4)	12.1 (11.1, 13.1)	1.7 (1.3, 2.2)	8.0 (7.9, 8.2)
poor salt behaviour	22.3 (21.4, 23.1)	16.0 (15.5, 16.6)	10.9 (10.5, 11.4)	1.9 (1.7, 2.2)	6.5 (6.3, 6.8)
p-value	0.81	0.67	0.34	0.20	0.001
Male
good salt behaviour	10.4 (7.7, 13.1)	19.7 (15.2, 24.1)	11.5 (9.9, 13.0)	1.5 (0.6, 2.4)	9.3 (8.5, 10.2)
poor salt behaviour	9.9 (5.4, 14.3)	19.1 (18.4, 19.8)	10.3 (9.0, 11.7)	2.4 (2.0, 2.9)	6.8 (5.4, 8.1)
Female
good salt behaviour	43.3 (38.3, 48.4)	9.9 (8.4, 11.5)	12.5 (11.8, 13.2)	1.9 (1.6, 2.2)	7.3 (6.9, 7.7)
poor salt behaviour	39.3 (33.9, 44.7)	13.1 (11.8, 14.4)	11.3 (10.2, 12.4)	1.6 (1.2, 2.0)	6.4 (5.4, 7.4)
p-value for sex interaction	0.64	0.04	0.79	0.02	0.29

^a Model adjusted for type of fat and oil used in cooking, age, education, working status, physical activity, alcohol use and tobacco use
^b Model adjusted for type of fat and oil used in cooking, age, education, working status, physical activity, alcohol use, tobacco use and waist circumference
^c Definition of high waist circumference, waist ≥102 cm for males and waist ≥88 cm for females
^d Hypertension was defined as an average systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement > 140 mmHg, or their average diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurement > 90 mmHg, or they reported taking medication for hypertension. Self-reported diagnosed hypertension were those who met the criteria for hypertension and also reported a diagnosis of hypertension. Undiagnosed individuals were those who had a high SBP (> 140 mmHg) or a high DBP (> 90 mmHg), did not report taking hypertension medication, and did not report a hypertension diagnosis
^e Diabetes was defined as having an average fasting blood glucose (FBG) level ≥ 7 mmol/L, or having a random blood glucose (RBG) level of ≥11.1 mmol/L or on medication for diabetes. Individuals with self-reported diagnosed diabetes met the criteria for diabetes and also reported a diagnosis of diabetes. Undiagnosed individuals were those who had a high FBG (≥7 mmol/L) or a high RBG (≥11.1 mmol/L), did not report taking diabetes medication, and did not report a diabetes diagnosis

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