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Table 6 Prospective logistic regression analyses for association between food/nutrient intake and GHQ-12 score*

From: Associations between diet and mental health using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire: cross-sectional and prospective analyses from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study

 

Participants with GHQ score ≥ 4 (n)

Model 1 (OR, 95% CI)a

P-trend

Model 2 (OR, 95% CI)b

P-trend

Food groups

 Fish

Q1 (low)

211

1

(Ref.)

0.757

1

(Ref.)

0.886

Q2

203

0.94

(0.75–1.16)

 

0.94

(0.75–1.16)

 

Q3

194

0.97

(0.78–1.21)

 

0.98

(0.79–1.22)

 

Q4 (high)

175

0.95

(0.75–1.19)

 

0.97

(0.77–1.22)

 

 Meat and chicken

Q1 (low)

186

1

(Ref.)

0.345

1

(Ref.)

0.332

Q2

191

0.84

(0.67–1.06)

 

0.87

(0.69–1.10)

 

Q3

183

0.76

(0.60–0.96)

 

0.78

(0.61–0.98)

 

Q4 (high)

223

0.86

(0.68–1.08)

 

0.87

(0.69–1.09)

 

 Dairy products

Q1 (low)

208

1

(Ref.)

0.002

1

(Ref.)

0.002

Q2

216

1.04

(0.84–1.29)

 

1.04

(0.83–1.29)

 

Q3

176

0.75

(0.60–0.94)

 

0.74

(0.59–0.93)

 

Q4 (high)

183

0.75

(0.59–0.94)

 

0.75

(0.59–0.95)

 

 Vegetables

Q1 (low)

173

1

(Ref.)

0.362

1

(Ref.)

0.291

Q2

212

1.17

(0.93–1.47)

 

1.20

(0.95–1.50)

 

Q3

183

0.96

(0.76–1.22)

 

0.98

(0.77–1.25)

 

Q4 (high)

215

1.18

(0.92–1.51)

 

1.21

(0.95–1.55)

 

Nutrients

 Protein

Q1 (low)

210

1

(Ref.)

0.082

1

(Ref.)

0.128

Q2

184

0.77

(0.62–0.96)

 

0.78

(0.62–0.98)

 

Q3

181

0.69

(0.55–0.87)

 

0.69

(0.55–0.88)

 

Q4 (high)

208

0.81

(0.64–1.02)

 

0.83

(0.65–1.05)

 

 Carbohydrate

Q1 (low)

203

1

(Ref.)

0.307

1

(Ref.)

0.499

Q2

205

1.07

(0.86–1.33)

 

1.07

(0.85–1.34)

 

Q3

194

1.11

(0.89–1.39)

 

1.10

(0.86–1.40)

 

Q4 (high)

181

1.12

(0.88–1.42)

 

1.09

(0.83–1.43)

 

 Fat

Q1 (low)

175

1

(Ref.)

0.993

1

(Ref.)

0.601

Q2

197

0.98

(0.78–1.24)

 

1.01

(0.80–1.28)

 

Q3

185

0.79

(0.62–1.01)

 

0.82

(0.64–1.06)

 

Q4 (high)

226

0.92

(0.72–1.19)

 

0.96

(0.74–1.25)

 

 Calcium

Q1 (low)

216

1

(Ref.)

0.005

1

(Ref.)

0.019

Q2

188

0.77

(0.62–0.97)

 

0.79

(0.63–0.99)

 

Q3

191

0.73

(0.58–0.93)

 

0.75

(0.59–0.96)

 

Q4 (high)

188

0.68

(0.54–0.88)

 

0.71

(0.55–0.92)

 

 Vitamin B1

Q1 (low)

177

1

(Ref.)

0.395

1

(Ref.)

0.878

Q2

192

0.92

(0.73–1.17)

 

0.99

(0.77–1.28)

 

Q3

199

0.83

(0.65–1.07)

 

0.91

(0.68–1.22)

 

Q4 (high)

215

0.89

(0.68–1.16)

 

1.02

(0.74–1.42)

 

 Vitamin B2

Q1 (low)

213

1

(Ref.)

0.001

1

(Ref.)

0.007

Q2

198

0.83

(0.66–1.03)

 

0.84

(0.67–1.05)

 

Q3

188

0.72

(0.57–0.91)

 

0.73

(0.58–0.94)

 

Q4 (high)

184

0.68

(0.53–0.87)

 

0.70

(0.54–0.91)

 

 Vitamin D

Q1 (low)

206

1

(Ref.)

0.607

1

(Ref.)

0.832

Q2

220

1.00

(0.81–1.25)

 

1.03

(0.83–1.28)

 

Q3

178

0.87

(0.69–1.09)

 

0.88

(0.70–1.11)

 

Q4 (high)

179

0.97

(0.77–1.23)

 

1.01

(0.80–1.28)

 

 Carotene

Q1 (low)

181

1

(Ref.)

0.863

1

(Ref.)

0.607

Q2

210

1.06

(0.85–1.33)

 

1.12

(0.89–1.41)

 

Q3

178

0.84

(0.66–1.07)

 

0.88

(0.69–1.13)

 

Q4 (high)

214

1.06

(0.82–1.36)

 

1.12

(0.86–1.44)

 

 SFA

Q1 (low)

189

1

(Ref.)

0.001

1

(Ref.)

0.003

Q2

202

0.89

(0.71–1.12)

 

0.90

(0.71–1.14)

 

Q3

195

0.73

(0.57–0.94)

 

0.76

(0.59–0.98)

 

Q4 (high)

197

0.65

(0.50–0.85)

 

0.68

(0.51–0.89)

 

 MUFA

Q1 (low)

171

1

(Ref.)

0.910

1

(Ref.)

0.688

Q2

185

0.94

(0.74–1.19)

 

0.98

(0.77–1.25)

 

Q3

209

0.98

(0.77–1.25)

 

1.05

(0.82–1.35)

 

Q4 (high)

218

0.96

(0.76–1.23)

 

1.04

(0.80–1.34)

 

 n-6 PUFA

Q1 (low)

168

1

(Ref.)

0.624

1

(Ref.)

0.361

Q2

187

0.98

(0.77–1.23)

 

1.01

(0.80–1.29)

 

Q3

204

0.99

(0.78–1.25)

 

1.03

(0.81–1.32)

 

Q4 (high)

224

1.05

(0.82–1.33)

 

1.11

(0.87–1.43)

 

 n-3 PUFA

Q1 (low)

174

1

(Ref.)

0.268

1

(Ref.)

0.093

Q2

198

1.08

(0.86–1.36)

 

1.14

(0.90–1.44)

 

Q3

192

0.99

(0.79–1.26)

 

1.06

(0.83–1.35)

 

Q4 (high)

219

1.16

(0.92–1.47)

 

1.26

(0.99–1.62)

 

 n-3 HUFA

Q1 (low)

212

1

(Ref.)

0.879

1

(Ref.)

0.853

Q2

209

0.92

(0.74–1.15)

 

0.95

(0.76–1.19)

 

Q3

175

0.83

(0.66–1.04)

 

0.85

(0.67–1.06)

 

Q4 (high)

187

0.99

(0.78–1.24)

 

1.04

(0.82–1.31)

 
  1. All variables (food and nutrient intakes and covariates) were measured at baseline
  2. GHQ General Health Questionnaire, CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, Q1–Q4 Quartiles 1–4, SFA Saturated fatty acids, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids, HUFA Highly-polyunsaturated fatty acids
  3. Odds ratios shown by quartile of intake (n = 4701)
  4. *Excludes those with a GHQ-12 score ≥ 4 at baseline
  5. aModel 1: adjusted for sex, age, and area
  6. bModel 2: adjusted for sex, age, area, employment, smoking, drinking, sleeping time, leisure time exercise, eating breakfast, and total energy
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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