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Table 5 Cross-sectional logistic regression analyses for the association between food/nutrient intake and GHQ-12 score

From: Associations between diet and mental health using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire: cross-sectional and prospective analyses from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study

 

Participants with GHQ score ≥ 4 (n)

Model 1 (OR, 95% CI)a

P-trend

Model 2 (OR, 95% CI)b

P-trend

Food groups

 Fish

Q1 (low)

707

1

(Ref.)

0.064

1

(Ref.)

0.070

Q2

701

0.98

(0.86–1.11)

 

0.97

(0.85–1.10)

 

Q3

598

0.84

(0.74–0.96)

 

0.84

(0.73–0.96)

 

Q4 (high)

595

0.91

(0.79–1.04)

 

0.90

(0.79–1.04)

 

 Meat and chicken

Q1 (low)

564

1

(Ref.)

0.876

1

(Ref.)

0.977

Q2

633

0.99

(0.86–1.13)

 

0.99

(0.87–1.14)

 

Q3

683

1.01

(0.88–1.16)

 

1.01

(0.88–1.16)

 

Q4 (high)

721

1.00

(0.87–1.15)

 

1.00

(0.87–1.15)

 

 Dairy products

Q1 (low)

652

1

(Ref.)

0.011

1

(Ref.)

0.059

Q2

647

0.97

(0.85–1.11)

 

0.99

(0.87–1.14)

 

Q3

661

0.97

(0.85–1.11)

 

1.00

(0.87–1.14)

 

Q4 (high)

641

0.84

(0.74–0.96)

 

0.88

(0.77–1.01)

 

 Vegetables

Q1 (low)

660

1

(Ref.)

0.026

1

(Ref.)

0.045

Q2

635

0.84

(0.74–0.96)

 

0.86

(0.75–0.98)

 

Q3

662

0.85

(0.74–0.98)

 

0.87

(0.75–1.00)

 

Q4 (high)

644

0.82

(0.71–0.95)

 

0.83

(0.72–0.96)

 

Nutrients

 Protein

Q1 (low)

628

1

(Ref.)

0.002

1

(Ref.)

0.003

Q2

662

0.95

(0.83–1.09)

 

0.94

(0.82–1.07)

 

Q3

656

0.85

(0.74–0.97)

 

0.84

(0.73–0.97)

 

Q4 (high)

655

0.82

(0.71–0.94)

 

0.82

(0.71–0.95)

 

 Carbohydrate

Q1 (low)

542

1

(Ref.)

0.571

1

(Ref.)

0.996

Q2

621

0.88

(0.78–1.00)

 

0.92

(0.80–1.05)

 

Q3

688

0.85

(0.75–0.97)

 

0.88

(0.76–1.01)

 

Q4 (high)

750

1.00

(0.87–1.14)

 

1.04

(0.88–1.22)

 

 Fat

Q1 (low)

746

1

(Ref.)

0.641

1

(Ref.)

0.980

Q2

663

1.02

(0.88–1.17)

 

0.99

(0.86–1.15)

 

Q3

590

1.01

(0.88–1.17)

 

1.00

(0.86–1.16)

 

Q4 (high)

602

1.04

(0.89–1.21)

 

1.00

(0.85–1.17)

 

 Calcium

Q1 (low)

630

1

(Ref.)

0.005

1

(Ref.)

0.006

Q2

668

0.98

(0.86–1.12)

 

0.94

(0.82–1.08)

 

Q3

648

0.87

(0.76–1.00)

 

0.85

(0.74–0.99)

 

Q4 (high)

655

0.83

(0.72–0.96)

 

0.82

(0.70–0.95)

 

 Vitamin B1

Q1 (low)

525

1

(Ref.)

0.430

1

(Ref.)

0.785

Q2

642

1.09

(0.95–1.25)

 

1.07

(0.92–1.24)

 

Q3

706

1.10

(0.94–1.27)

 

1.05

(0.88–1.24)

 

Q4 (high)

728

1.08

(0.93–1.26)

 

1.00

(0.82–1.22)

 

 Vitamin B2

Q1 (low)

633

1

(Ref.)

0.138

1

(Ref.)

0.098

Q2

625

0.91

(0.80–1.04)

 

0.90

(0.79–1.04)

 

Q3

693

0.99

(0.86–1.13)

 

0.98

(0.84–1.13)

 

Q4 (high)

650

0.87

(0.76–1.01)

 

0.85

(0.73–1.00)

 

 Vitamin D

Q1 (low)

694

1

(Ref.)

0.008

1

(Ref.)

0.009

Q2

719

0.98

(0.86–1.12)

 

0.95

(0.84–1.09)

 

Q3

606

0.84

(0.73–0.96)

 

0.83

(0.72–0.95)

 

Q4 (high)

582

0.86

(0.75–0.99)

 

0.85

(0.74–0.98)

 

 Carotene

Q1 (low)

651

1

(Ref.)

0.010

1

(Ref.)

0.015

Q2

654

0.87

(0.76–0.99)

 

0.86

(0.75–0.99)

 

Q3

640

0.78

(0.68–0.90)

 

0.79

(0.68–0.91)

 

Q4 (high)

656

0.81

(0.70–0.93)

 

0.80

(0.69–0.94)

 

 SFA

Q1 (low)

563

1

(Ref.)

0.180

1

(Ref.)

0.097

Q2

643

1.00

(0.87–1.15)

 

0.97

(0.84–1.12)

 

Q3

672

0.92

(0.79–1.07)

 

0.88

(0.76–1.03)

 

Q4 (high)

722

0.92

(0.78–1.07)

 

0.88

(0.75–1.04)

 

 MUFA

Q1 (low)

518

1

(Ref.)

0.001

1

(Ref.)

0.019

Q2

635

1.12

(0.97–1.29)

 

1.11

(0.96–1.28)

 

Q3

678

1.11

(0.96–1.28)

 

1.10

(0.95–1.28)

 

Q4 (high)

770

1.28

(1.10–1.48)

 

1.22

(1.04–1.42)

 

 n-6 PUFA

Q1 (low)

546

1

(Ref.)

0.040

1

(Ref.)

0.130

Q2

644

1.07

(0.93–1.22)

 

1.04

(0.91–1.20)

 

Q3

660

1.02

(0.88–1.17)

 

1.00

(0.87–1.16)

 

Q4 (high)

751

1.17

(1.02–1.35)

 

1.13

(0.97–1.31)

 

 n-3 PUFA

Q1 (low)

614

1

(Ref.)

0.119

1

(Ref.)

0.434

Q2

600

0.85

(0.74–0.97)

 

0.84

(0.73–0.96)

 

Q3

668

0.95

(0.83–1.09)

 

0.91

(0.79–1.05)

 

Q4 (high)

719

1.05

(0.92–1.21)

 

1.00

(0.86–1.16)

 

 n-3 HUFA

Q1 (low)

687

1

(Ref.)

0.020

1

(Ref.)

0.018

Q2

713

0.96

(0.85–1.10)

 

0.93

(0.81–1.06)

 

Q3

616

0.88

(0.77–1.01)

 

0.87

(0.76–1.00)

 

Q4 (high)

585

0.86

(0.75–0.99)

 

0.85

(0.73–0.98)

 
  1. GHQ General Health Questionnaire, CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio, Q1–Q4 Quartiles 1–4, SFA Saturated fatty acids, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids, HUFA Highly-polyunsaturated fatty acids
  2. Odds ratios shown by quartile of intake (n = 9298)
  3. aModel 1: adjusted for sex, age, and area
  4. bModel 2: adjusted for sex, age, area, employment, smoking, drinking, sleeping time, leisure time exercise, eating breakfast, and total energy
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Nutrition Journal

ISSN: 1475-2891

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