Table 2 Dietary intakes of study participants
From: Adherence to low carbohydrate diet and prevalence of psychological disorders in adults
| Â | having psychological disorder | Â | Quartiles of LCD score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n 2046) | Yes (n 1316) |  | 1 (n = 887) | 2 (n = 816) | 3 (n = 803) | 4 (n = 856) |  | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Pa | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Pb | |
Total energy (kcal/d) | 2382.7 ± 823.1 | 2372.7 ± 830.7 | 0.73 | 2484.6 ± 861.1 | 2413.4 ± 809.1 | 2312.8 ± 806.3 | 2298.2 ± 810.2 | < 0.001 |
Nutrients | ||||||||
 Carbohydrates (g/d) | 293.7 ± 115.0 | 291.9 ± 119.1 | 0.67 | 362.8 ± 128.1 | 310.7 ± 105.0 | 267.4 ± 94.7 | 227.9 ± 85.6 | < 0.001 |
 Proteins (g/d) | 88.7 ± 33.4 | 87.5 ± 33.3 | 0.35 | 80.6 ± 31.5 | 86.3 ± 30.8 | 87.4 ± 32.1 | 98.9 ± 36.1 | < 0.001 |
 Fats (g/d) | 98.6 ± 36.9 | 98.4 ± 36.7 | 0.86 | 82.9 ± 29.5 | 95.8 ± 32.7 | 103.1 ± 37.1 | 113.4 ± 40.2 | < 0.001 |
 Saturated fats (g/d) | 23.4 ± 9.2 | 23.0 ± 9.2 | 0.29 | 19.3 ± 7.3 | 22.7 ± 8.1 | 24.1 ± 9.0 | 27.1 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
 Polyunsaturated fats (g/d) | 28.9 ± 11.7 | 29.0 ± 11.7 | 0.67 | 25.0 ± 9.6 | 28.1 ± 10.4 | 30.3 ± 12.3 | 32.6 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 |
 Total fiber (g/d) | 22.8 ± 9.6 | 22.1 ± 9.6 | 0.04 | 25.3 ± 10.7 | 23.4 ± 9.1 | 21.3 ± 8.9 | 19.9 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 |
 EPA & DHA (g/d) | 0.31 ± 0.3 | 0.29 ± 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
 Vitamin D (mg/d) | 36.9 ± 23.6 | 35.9 ± 22.7 | 0.20 | 28.3 ± 19.2 | 34.3 ± 19.5 | 39.9 ± 25.5 | 43.9 ± 25.1 | < 0.001 |
 Vitamin B1 (mg/d) | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 0.80 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
 Vitamin B3 (mg/d) | 24.9 ± 10.6 | 25.1 ± 10.8 | 0.58 | 27.0 ± 12.3 | 25.1 ± 10.5 | 23.3 ± 9.5 | 24.3 ± 9.8 | < 0.001 |
 Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 0.05 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
 Folate (mg/d) | 572.2 ± 235.2 | 573.3 ± 240.1 | 0.90 | 681.9 ± 281.6 | 599.2 ± 222.9 | 525.9 ± 192.8 | 477.9 ± 180.5 | < 0.001 |
 Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 3.0 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 1.3 | 0.09 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
 Iron (mg/d) | 17.5 ± 7.5 | 17.6 ± 7.6 | 0.56 | 20.3 ± 9.0 | 18.07 ± 7.3 | 16.20 ± 6.4 | 15.45 ± 6.02 | < 0.001 |
 Magnesium (mg/d) | 330.4 ± 120.9 | 322.1 ± 118.2 | 0.05 | 333.4 ± 123.1 | 339.1 ± 121.5 | 320.1 ± 117.8 | 315.8 ± 115.6 | < 0.001 |
Food groups | ||||||||
 Fruits (g/d) | 332.9 ± 246.8 | 289.5 ± 233.8 | < 0.001 | 395.4 ± 313.0 | 342.77 ± 221.6 | 293.7 ± 203.8 | 229.0 ± 170.2 | < 0.001 |
 Vegetables (g/d) | 242.7 ± 128.3 | 230.0 ± 135.1 | 0.006 | 210.3 ± 119.2 | 239.0 ± 123.3 | 248.6 ± 132.6 | 254.6 ± 144.0 | < 0.001 |
 White meat (g/d) | 65.1 ± 48.8 | 63.2 ± 49.7 | 0.26 | 38.0 ± 25.9 | 54.3 ± 33.4 | 67.1 ± 44.5 | 98.7 ± 62.3 | < 0.001 |
 Red meat (g/d) | 78.2 ± 48.2 | 79.6 ± 48.9 | 0.42 | 52.5 ± 31.1 | 71.2 ± 37.2 | 84.7 ± 44.7 | 108.0 ± 58.3 | < 0.001 |
 Egg (g/d) | 25.0 ± 19.8 | 25.0 ± 21.3 | 0.95 | 18.9 ± 15.8 | 22.7 ± 71.2 | 27.5 ± 20.1 | 31.2 ± 25.0 | < 0.001 |
 Legumes, nuts and soy (g/d) | 57.1 ± 38.8 | 58.1 ± 41.8 | 0.49 | 46.5 ± 31.9 | 56.0 ± 39.9 | 60.6 ± 40.4 | 67.6 ± 44.2 | < 0.001 |
 Low fat dairy (g/d) | 344.6 ± 276.1 | 313.6 ± 259.4 | 0.001 | 277.9 ± 213.5 | 360.1 ± 282.4 | 349.6 ± 279.3 | 346.5 ± 293.2 | < 0.001 |
 High fat dairy (g/d) | 15.0 ± 18.6 | 14.8 ± 18.5 | 0.77 | 13.5 ± 17.6 | 14.5 ± 18.7 | 15.8 ± 18.3 | 15.9 ± 19.0 | 0.018 |
 Refined grains (g/d) | 384.1 ± 211.6 | 400.8 ± 221.4 | 0.03 | 495.2 ± 277.8 | 407.6 ± 202.7 | 350.4 ± 158.6 | 303.8 ± 139.0 | < 0.001 |
 Whole grains (g/d) | 42.9 ± 74.8 | 41.4 ± 80.7 | 0.58 | 58.8 ± 105.6 | 51.3 ± 83.0 | 34.2 ± 56.9 | 24.3 ± 38.8 | < 0.001 |
 Sugar sweetened beverages and sweets (g/d) | 52.1 ± 53.0 | 55.0 ± 58.0 | 0.14 | 63.3 ± 66.0 | 52.55 ± 54.6 | 51.4 ± 50.2 | 45.1 ± 45.1 | < 0.001 |
 Tea or coffee drinking (mg/d) | 371.4 ± 281.3 | 388.4 ± 305.6 | 0.09 | 397.9 ± 278.5 | 387.3 ± 280.0 | 377.8 ± 288.6 | 348.9 ± 313.9 | 0.04 |