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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to case-control

From: Adherence to the low carbohydrate diet and the risk of breast Cancer in Iran

 

case (n = 412)

control (n = 456)

Pa

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Median LCD score

8.9

2.6

9.0

2.6

0.27

Age, year

46.3

10.4

44.2

11.3

0.003

BMI (kg/m2)

28.1

5.2

28.8

6.1

0.03

Physical activity (MET h/wk)

20.1

25.1

26.4

37.1

0.001

Age at menarche, y

13.0

2.4

12.9

2.6

0.31

Educational level, n%

 Un university

83.2

84.3

0.66

 University

16.7

15.7

 

Married, %

81.1

84.4

< 0.001

Family history of breast cancer (yes), %

10.19

1.54

< 0.001

Oral contraceptive use (yes), %

52.8

61.3

0.02

Postmenopausal hormone use, %

0.49

1.97

0.05

Current smoking, %

3.4

4.9

0.21

Alcohol intake, %

2.43

5.83

0.01

Fertility treatment, %

4.6

6.4

0.26

Nulligravid, %

13.3

16.0

0.27

Parity

 Nulliparous/missing

43.4

42.9

0.94

 1

8.7

9.2

 

 2–3

33.0

31.8

 

  ≥ 4

14.8

16.0

 

Whole grains (g/d)

93.2

96.4

91.2

101.2

0.38

Refined grains (g/d)

321.1

179.3

305.1

174.2

0.09

Fruits (g/d)

564.3

384.2

569.1

372.2

0.42

Vegetables (g/d)

301.6

242.1

316.6

211.5

0.16

Legumes (g/d)

47.3

51.8

51.8

81.5

0.16

Red meat (g/d)

13.8

18.9

16.2

21.5

0.04

Energy (kcal)

2572.1

820.2

2522.2

860.9

0.19

Carbohydrate intake (% of energy)

51.5

10.2

51.2

10.0

0.36

Protein intake(% of energy)

12.3

3.2

12.7

3.8

0.04

Fat intake (% of energy)

38.4

11.0

38.3

10.9

0.42

Fiber intake (g/d)

22.1

9.9

22.4

10.4

0.35

  1. Values are mean (SD) or percentages
  2. aχ2 Test for ordinal qualitative variables and ANOVA for continuous variables