Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991–2016)

Sunguya, Bruno F.; Zhu, Si; Mpembeni, Rose; Huang, Jiayan

doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0505-8

Table 3 Factors associated with stunting using TDHS 2015–2016

From: Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991–2016)

Variable	N (%)	Model 1^a			Model 2^b			Model 3^c
Variable	N (%)	AOR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value
Residence
Rural	6531 (74)	Reference
Urban	2284 (26)	0.56	(0.50, 0.62)	< 0.001
Maternal age in years
15–19	596(7)				Reference
20–24	2064(23)				1.31	(1.06, 1.62)	0.014
25–29	2205(25)				1.08	(0.84, 1.39)	0.540
30–34	1693(19)				1.07	(0.8, 1.42)	0.662
35–39	1339(15)				1.08	(0.78, 1.49)	0.634
40–44	731(8)				1.23	(0.86, 1.75)	0.248
45–49	186(2)				1.70	(1.09, 2.65)	0.019
Mother’s body mass index (kg/m2)
< 18.5	605(7)				1.09	(0.92, 1.3)	0.328
18.5–24.9	6034(68)				Reference
25.0–30.0	1478 (17)				0.85	(0.75, 0.97)	0.015
> 30.0	676 (8)				0.63	(0.51, 0.78)	< 0.001
Mother’s age at 1st birth
< 20	5451(62)				0.94	(0.84, 1.05)	0.282
20–29	3256(37)				Reference
30>	107(1)				0.99	(0.62, 1.59)	0.976
Number of births in last five years
1	4014(46)				Reference
2	3917(44)				0.99	(0.88, 1.11)	0.867
3	820(9)				0.85	(0.7, 1.03)	0.090
> 3	64(1)				0.48	(0.26, 0.91)	0.024
Number of living children
1	1637 (19)				Reference
2	1793 (20)				1.07	(0.89, 1.28)	0.455
3	1575 (18)				1.00	(0.81, 1.24)	0.993
4	1155(13)				1.11	(0.86, 1.42)	0.429
5	899(10)				1.17	(0.88, 1.56)	0.267
6–15	1755(20)				1.17	(0.86, 1.59)	0.325
Highest educational level
No education	1891 (21)				Reference
Primary	5686 (65)				0.99	(0.88, 1.1)	0.830
Secondary	1161(13)				0.83	(0.63, 1.06)	0.305
Higher	76(1)				0.56	(0.16, 0.91)	0.018
Head of household
Male	7348(83)				Reference
Female	1467(17)				1.16	(1.03, 1.31)	0.014
Number of household members
1–5	3429 (39)				Reference
6–10	4137 (47)				0.88	(0.79, 0.99)	0.027
> 10	1248(14)				0.75	(0.65, 0.87)	0.000
Wealth index
Poorest	2009(23)				Reference
Poorer	1932(22)				0.96	(0.85, 1.09)	0.563
Middle	1778(20)				0.98	(0.86, 1.12)	0.758
Richer	1818(21)				0.65	(0.56, 0.76)	< 0.001
Richest	1278(14)				0.42	(0.34, 0.52)	< 0.001
Age of child (months)
0–11	1970(22)							Reference
12–23	2055(23)							1.50	(0.97, 2.32)	0.069
24–35	1688(19)							1.75	(1.09, 2.79)	0.019
36–47	1580(18)							1.38	(0.86, 2.21)	0.181
48–59	1521(17)							0.99	(0.62, 1.59)	0.967
Sex of child
male	4469(51)							Reference
female	4345(49)							0.77	(0.68, 0.87)	< 0.001
Birthweight (g)
low < 2500	340 (6)							2.14	(1.68, 2.71)	< 0.001
4000 > normal> = 2500	4551(82)							Reference
high > = 5000	677 (12)							0.65	(0.54, 0.79)	< 0.001
Duration of breastfeeding (months)
< 6	962 (11)							Reference
6–12	1114(13)							1.63	(1.18, 2.24)	0.003
13–24	1281(15)							2.91	(1.73, 4.91)	< 0.001
> 24	111(1)							5.44	(2.57, 11.49)	< 0.001
Inconsistent breastfeeding	5288(60)							3.46	(2.07, 5.78)	< 0.001
Never breastfed	58(1)							4.29	(1.77, 10.37)	0.001

N (%) N frequency; (%) percentage of frequency, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, C.I. Confidence interval
^aModel-1: adjusted for residence place
^bModel-2: adjusted for residence place and all variables shown under Model-2
^cModel-3: adjusted for residence place and all variables shown under Model-3

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