Table 3 Factors associated with stunting using TDHS 2015–2016
Variable | N (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
Residence | ||||||||||
Rural | 6531 (74) | Reference | ||||||||
Urban | 2284 (26) | 0.56 | (0.50, 0.62) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Maternal age in years | ||||||||||
15–19 | 596(7) | Reference | ||||||||
20–24 | 2064(23) | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.62) | 0.014 | ||||||
25–29 | 2205(25) | 1.08 | (0.84, 1.39) | 0.540 | ||||||
30–34 | 1693(19) | 1.07 | (0.8, 1.42) | 0.662 | ||||||
35–39 | 1339(15) | 1.08 | (0.78, 1.49) | 0.634 | ||||||
40–44 | 731(8) | 1.23 | (0.86, 1.75) | 0.248 | ||||||
45–49 | 186(2) | 1.70 | (1.09, 2.65) | 0.019 | ||||||
Mother’s body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
< 18.5 | 605(7) | 1.09 | (0.92, 1.3) | 0.328 | ||||||
18.5–24.9 | 6034(68) | Reference | ||||||||
25.0–30.0 | 1478 (17) | 0.85 | (0.75, 0.97) | 0.015 | ||||||
> 30.0 | 676 (8) | 0.63 | (0.51, 0.78) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Mother’s age at 1st birth | ||||||||||
< 20 | 5451(62) | 0.94 | (0.84, 1.05) | 0.282 | ||||||
20–29 | 3256(37) | Reference | ||||||||
30> | 107(1) | 0.99 | (0.62, 1.59) | 0.976 | ||||||
Number of births in last five years | ||||||||||
1 | 4014(46) | Reference | ||||||||
2 | 3917(44) | 0.99 | (0.88, 1.11) | 0.867 | ||||||
3 | 820(9) | 0.85 | (0.7, 1.03) | 0.090 | ||||||
> 3 | 64(1) | 0.48 | (0.26, 0.91) | 0.024 | ||||||
Number of living children | ||||||||||
1 | 1637 (19) | Reference | ||||||||
2 | 1793 (20) | 1.07 | (0.89, 1.28) | 0.455 | ||||||
3 | 1575 (18) | 1.00 | (0.81, 1.24) | 0.993 | ||||||
4 | 1155(13) | 1.11 | (0.86, 1.42) | 0.429 | ||||||
5 | 899(10) | 1.17 | (0.88, 1.56) | 0.267 | ||||||
6–15 | 1755(20) | 1.17 | (0.86, 1.59) | 0.325 | ||||||
Highest educational level | ||||||||||
No education | 1891 (21) | Reference | ||||||||
Primary | 5686 (65) | 0.99 | (0.88, 1.1) | 0.830 | ||||||
Secondary | 1161(13) | 0.83 | (0.63, 1.06) | 0.305 | ||||||
Higher | 76(1) | 0.56 | (0.16, 0.91) | 0.018 | ||||||
Head of household | ||||||||||
Male | 7348(83) | Reference | ||||||||
Female | 1467(17) | 1.16 | (1.03, 1.31) | 0.014 | ||||||
Number of household members | ||||||||||
1–5 | 3429 (39) | Reference | ||||||||
6–10 | 4137 (47) | 0.88 | (0.79, 0.99) | 0.027 | ||||||
> 10 | 1248(14) | 0.75 | (0.65, 0.87) | 0.000 | ||||||
Wealth index | ||||||||||
Poorest | 2009(23) | Reference | ||||||||
Poorer | 1932(22) | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.09) | 0.563 | ||||||
Middle | 1778(20) | 0.98 | (0.86, 1.12) | 0.758 | ||||||
Richer | 1818(21) | 0.65 | (0.56, 0.76) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Richest | 1278(14) | 0.42 | (0.34, 0.52) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Age of child (months) | ||||||||||
0–11 | 1970(22) | Reference | ||||||||
12–23 | 2055(23) | 1.50 | (0.97, 2.32) | 0.069 | ||||||
24–35 | 1688(19) | 1.75 | (1.09, 2.79) | 0.019 | ||||||
36–47 | 1580(18) | 1.38 | (0.86, 2.21) | 0.181 | ||||||
48–59 | 1521(17) | 0.99 | (0.62, 1.59) | 0.967 | ||||||
Sex of child | ||||||||||
male | 4469(51) | Reference | ||||||||
female | 4345(49) | 0.77 | (0.68, 0.87) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Birthweight (g) | ||||||||||
low < 2500 | 340 (6) | 2.14 | (1.68, 2.71) | < 0.001 | ||||||
4000 > normal> = 2500 | 4551(82) | Reference | ||||||||
high > = 5000 | 677 (12) | 0.65 | (0.54, 0.79) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Duration of breastfeeding (months) | ||||||||||
< 6 | 962 (11) | Reference | ||||||||
6–12 | 1114(13) | 1.63 | (1.18, 2.24) | 0.003 | ||||||
13–24 | 1281(15) | 2.91 | (1.73, 4.91) | < 0.001 | ||||||
> 24 | 111(1) | 5.44 | (2.57, 11.49) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Inconsistent breastfeeding | 5288(60) | 3.46 | (2.07, 5.78) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Never breastfed | 58(1) | 4.29 | (1.77, 10.37) | 0.001 | ||||||