Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991–2016)

Sunguya, Bruno F.; Zhu, Si; Mpembeni, Rose; Huang, Jiayan

doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0505-8

Table 2 Stunting prevalence among children under 5 according to the descriptive characteristics in TDHS 1991–2016

From: Trends in prevalence and determinants of stunting in Tanzania: an analysis of Tanzania demographic health surveys (1991–2016)

variables	1991–1992			1996			1999			2004–2005			2009–2010			2015–2016
variables	%	95% C.I.		%	95% C.I.		%	95% C.I.		%	95% C.I.		%	95% C.I.		%	95% C.I.
Sex of child
Male	52	50.69	54.09	52	50.62	54.18	51	48.07	53.59	47	45.29	48.50	41	39.76	43.13	37	35.57	38.39
Female	47	45.00	48.37	46	44.23	47.84	46	42.91	48.46	42	39.93	43.10	43	41.02	44.35	32	30.78	33.57
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.32			< 0.001
Age of child (months)
0–11	30	27.71	32.20	27	24.83	29.51	25	21.91	28.93	26	23.55	27.66	42	39.56	44.68	16	14.55	17.81
12–23	51	48.47	53.47	54	51.02	56.32	53	48.28	56.80	48	46.03	50.89	40	37.48	42.76	38	36.31	40.53
24–35	62	59.20	64.50	62	58.75	64.45	59	55.02	63.63	52	49.41	54.51	43	39.86	45.43	46	44.08	48.85
36–47	59	56.08	61.83	60	56.74	62.66	56	51.55	60.95	53	50.22	55.55	43	39.83	45.29	42	39.10	43.97
48–59	52	48.72	54.61	49	46.11	52.30	53	48.83	58.14	46	43.14	48.68	45	41.61	47.42	33	30.71	35.44
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.34			< 0.001
Birthweight (g)
Low	60	54.91	64.25	63	57.16	68.17	73	64.15	81.85	58	51.43	64.05	40	33.48	46.52	48	42.82	53.41
Normal	46	44.11	47.94	43	41.37	45.34	44	41.01	47.47	41	39.46	42.99	41	39.06	42.67	31	30.09	32.77
High	40	33.81	45.88	41	35.49	47.07	27	19.29	35.11	28	23.27	31.93	40	35.00	44.51	26	23.04	29.68
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.84			< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m²) of mother respondents
Low (< 18.5)	57	52.98	60.88	54	49.85	58.90				49	44.13	52.89	46	41.62	49.44	39	35.29	43.11
Normal (18.5–24.9)	50	48.61	51.31	51	49.40	52.29				46	45.05	47.61	42	40.46	43.23	37	35.39	37.81
Overweight (25–30)	41	37.40	45.00	38	34.43	41.81				32	28.91	35.14	42	38.83	45.41	31	28.93	33.70
Obese (> 30)	41	29.90	49.31	38	29.50	46.47				32	17.12	28.88	42	36.94	49.35	31	16.80	23.01
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001						< 0.001			0.56			< 0.001
Age of mother respondents at 1st birth
0–19	51	50.02	52.92	50	48.52	51.64	48	46.03	50.81	45	43.39	46.19	42	40.03	42.97	35	33.72	36.25
20–29	45	43.10	47.41	48	45.33	49.75	48	44.50	51.35	43	41.22	45.09	43	41.06	45.10	34	32.58	35.86
30 and above	42	23.54	60.33	58	37.34	78.04	57	7.71	106.58	41	27.20	54.28	46	30.70	60.61	28	19.59	37.02
P-value	< 0.001			0.33			0.76			0.43			0.53			0.13
Time after the birth at which the mother respondent first breastfed the last child
Immediately	48	46.30	50.65	45	43.08	47.19				42	40.55	43.71	39	37.23	41.17	34	32.85	35.82
Within 1 day	45	43.04	47.58	50	46.92	52.16				46	44.10	47.69	43	41.75	44.93	35	33.05	36.08
Over 1 day	47	42.82	50.26	48	43.22	52.19				48	44.06	52.27	46	41.08	50.22	35	30.25	39.10
P-value	0.20			0.14						< 0.001			0.01			0.90
Duration of breastfeeding (months)
< 6	26	22.89	28.84	22	18.98	25.15	23	17.96	27.26	21	18.54	24.07	39	35.59	42.53	13	10.75	15.01
6–12	41	37.80	43.22	40	36.71	42.43	37	32.16	41.24	35	32.89	37.72	43	40.38	45.80	19	16.92	21.54
13–24	55	53.62	56.76	55	53.05	56.43	54	51.55	56.80	50	48.03	51.05	42	40.10	43.22	38	35.28	40.60
> 24	64	60.33	67.83	68	63.97	71.48	66	60.05	71.53	60	55.80	63.20	48	43.38	51.82	52	42.86	61.56
Inconsistent breastfeeding	24	1.05	46.01	19	2.86	34.18	33	−20.86	87.53	33	9.21	57.46	39	21.80	56.99	41	39.32	41.97
Never get breastfeeding	66	49.69	83.64	57	47.27	67.63	42	29.23	53.84	46	38.18	54.78	43	34.61	53.11	34	20.78	47.14
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.13			< 0.001
Number of births in last five years
1	52	49.56	53.63	52	49.84	53.91	47	44.12	50.41	45	42.86	46.52	41	39.46	43.23	33	31.87	34.77
2	49	47.27	50.52	48	46.55	50.16	50	47.21	52.87	45	43.18	46.43	43	40.82	44.21	37	35.11	38.13
3	45	41.07	48.66	44	40.22	47.97	45	39.53	50.37	41	37.76	44.17	43	39.57	46.77	33	29.36	35.94
> 3	58	44.68	71.11	48	31.87	63.37	43	−6.58	92.29	35	23.64	46.95	35	20.48	49.08	18	7.66	28.70
P-value	0.01			0.02			0.35			0.10			0.35			0.00
Number of living children
1	48	45.51	51.46	50	47.28	53.39	44	39.36	48.47	45	42.21	47.85	41	37.61	43.85	32	29.99	34.48
2	47	44.69	50.06	49	46.19	52.09	41	36.96	45.24	44	42.01	46.81	41	38.69	43.79	35	32.30	36.71
3	49	45.76	51.59	48	44.65	50.55	48	42.85	52.41	45	42.70	47.91	42	38.87	44.20	31	29.10	33.73
4	50	46.50	52.87	49	45.28	52.01	55	49.49	59.65	43	40.26	46.35	41	38.38	44.58	35	32.19	37.68
5	53	49.38	56.63	50	45.98	53.71	48	41.86	54.46	44	40.05	47.28	43	39.69	46.83	38	34.45	40.83
6–15	51	48.46	53.63	50	47.30	52.95	57	52.18	61.24	43	40.56	45.69	44	41.62	47.11	38	35.87	40.44
P-value	0.21			0.83			< 0.001			0.94			0.77			< 0.01
Highest educational level
No education	51	49.36	53.38	54	52.10	56.83	50	46.54	53.88	47	44.81	49.27	42	39.70	44.34	39	37.25	41.71
Primary	49	47.49	50.54	48	46.44	49.50	48	46.08	50.80	44	42.72	45.41	43	41.08	43.94	35	33.98	36.44
Secondary	34	26.70	41.65	26	18.67	33.51	23	12.56	33.60	33	26.09	39.24	36	30.76	41.05	25	22.49	27.65
Higher	53	27.91	77.36							10	2.75	16.97	53	24.74	81.93	8	1.74	14.48
P-value	< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.02			< 0.001
Sex of head of household
Male	49	47.78	50.33	49	47.67	50.42	47	45.36	49.62	43	41.84	44.30	42	40.57	43.16	34	32.85	35.02
Female	53	49.54	56.67	51	47.25	53.89	53	47.59	57.46	50	47.12	52.71	43	40.20	46.00	38	35.57	40.51
P-value	0.08			0.64			0.07			< 0.001			0.62			0.01
Number of household members
1–5	51	48.88	53.21	50	47.65	51.89	51	47.52	54.00	46	44.11	47.72	42	40.11	43.92	35	33.30	36.48
6–10	51	48.88	52.30	49	47.41	50.96	49	45.70	51.64	45	43.31	46.61	42	40.53	44.02	35	33.79	36.71
> 10	44	41.81	47.16	48	44.64	51.78	43	38.49	47.22	37	33.74	39.67	42	38.56	44.67	32	29.11	34.36
P-value	< 0.001			1			0.02			< 0.001			0.89			0.13
Residence of household
Rural	50	48.80	51.45	51	49.85	52.65	52	50.01	54.30	46	45.04	47.55	43	41.23	43.87	38	36.65	39.00
Urban	47	43.90	49.54	40	36.99	42.93	29	24.47	33.22	35	32.36	37.43	40	37.43	42.78	25	23.59	27.18
P-value	< 0.01			< 0.001			< 0.001			< 0.001			0.10			< 0.001

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