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Table 5 Time trends and comparisons between birth cohorts in food and beverage intake

From: Time trends in nutrient intake and dietary patterns among five birth cohorts of 70-year-olds examined 1971–2016: results from the Gothenburg H70 birth cohort studies, Sweden

Birth cohort

1901–02

1911–12

1922

1930

1944

 

Examination years

1971–72

1981–83

1992–93

2000–02

2014–16

 

Women

n = 188

n = 130

n = 136

n = 321

n = 474

Linear trend

 

Mean (SD) gram/day

Mean (SD) gram/day

Mean (SD) gram/day

Mean (SD) gram/day

Mean (SD) gram/day

P value

 Fish and shellfish/seafood

46 (22)

31 (20)ª

54 (35)ª ʰ

54 (36)ª ʰ

65 (43)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Meat and processed meat

66 (39)

78 (42)ª

84 (45)ª

81 (41)ª

69 (40)ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.029

 Poultry

8 (8)

7 (6)

8 (9)

12 (13)ª ʰ ʲ

22 (25)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Eggs

26 (21)

20 (12)ª

20 (19)ª

17 (16)ª

26 (21)ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.074

 Potatoes

129 (69)

124 (65)

95 (58)ª ʰ

97 (51)ª ʰ

81 (66)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Vegetables and pulses

53 (41)

56 (42)

143 (113)ª ʰ

145 (94)ª ʰ

205 (123)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Fruits and berries

155 (116)

129 (83)ª

182 (126)ʰ

205 (134)ª ʰ

260 (157)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Keyhole milk products

147 (232)

162 (207)

146 (221)

165 (211)

78 (201)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.007

 Non-Keyhole milk products

204 (225)

248 (237)

205 (232)

184 (222)ʰ

189 (182)ʰ

0.001

 Cream and crème fraîche

17 (21)

23 (23)ª

18 (20)ʰ

23 (23)ª ʲ

36 (45)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Cheese

28 (19)

32 (21)

43 (36)ª ʰ

46 (37)ª ʰ

49 (45)ª ʰ

< 0.0001

 Fast food

0 (0)

0 (2)

0 (3)ª

2 (6)ª ʰ ʲ

3 (9)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Pasta, rice and food grain

7 (10)

17 (34)ª

22 (22)ª

31 (31)ª ʰ ʲ

35 ((43)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

 Bread refined

61 (50)

48 (52)ª

37 (46)ª

35 (41)ª ʰ

24 (34)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Bread fibre-rich

36 (40)

65 (51)ª

54 (38)ª

65 (45)ª ʲ

58 (41)ª ʳ

< 0.0001

 Cereals

92 (98)

94 (87)

63 (74)ª ʰ

40 (52)ª ʰ ʲ

42 (58)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

 Savoury bakery

11 (13)

9 (9)

11 (14)

12 (16)ʰ

12 (14)ʰ

0.005

 Sweet bakery

54 (44)

53 (45)

35 (29)ª ʰ

34 (31)ª ʰ

21 (24)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Desserts

62 (65)

73 (88)

48 (68)ʰ

53 (62)ʰ

49 (71)ª ʰ

0.003

 Sweet condiments

34 (25)

34 (31)

27 (28)ª

21 (22)ª ʰ ʲ

14 (18)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Sweets, candy and chocolate

6 (10)

5 (7)

9 (19)ʰ

11 (12)ª ʰ

12 (18)ª ʰ

< 0.0001

 Salads

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (7)

0 (2)ª ʰ

4 (19)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Soups

33 (22)

42 (28)ª

40 (48)

50 (53)ª

29 (40)ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Sauces and condiments

0 (0)

0 (0)

5 (12)ª ʰ

9 (15)ª ʰ ʲ

25 (29)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Substitute products

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (5)ª ʰ

0 (5)

17 (77)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Margarine^

17 (13)

25 (15)ª

22 (21)ª

21 (17)ª ʰ

12 (12)

0.045

 Butter^

8 (12)

5 (10)ª

3 (8)ª

3 (9)ª ʰ

1 (4)

< 0.0001

 Vegetable oil^

0 (1)

0 (0)ª

1 (2)ª ʰ

3 (5)ª ʰ ʲ

2 (6)

< 0.0001

 Snacks

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (1)ª ʰ

1 (2)ª ʰ ʲ

2 (8)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Nuts and seeds

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (6)ª ʰ

1 (4)ª ʰ

12 (17)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Juice

29 (62)

37 (72)

57 (119)ª

68 (99)ª ʰ

49 (85)ª ʳ

< 0.0001

 Coffee

437 (177)

508 (246)ª

499 (280)ª

473 (320)

423 (338)ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Tea

146 (59)

169 (82)ª

122 (312)

136 (200)ʰ

195 (280)ª ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Soda

122 (208)

68 (110)ª

57 (124)ª

79 (179)ª

33 (92)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Alcoholic beverages*

46 (75)

49 (81)

63 (99)

90 (109)ʰ ʲ

107 (127)ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

Men

n = 182

n = 132

n = 63

n = 233

n = 387

 

 Fish and shellfish/seafood

58 (35)

43 (25)ª

69 (39)ª ʰ

65 (44)ª ʰ

77 (57)ª ʰ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Meat and processed meat

80 (30)

96 (47)ª

125 (65)ª ʰ

110 (49)ª ʰ ʲ

97 (51)ª ʲ ʳ

0.119

 Poultry

7 (7)

6 (7)

5 (7)

13 (14)ª ʰ ʲ

22 (21)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Eggs

31 (21)

32 (33)

25 (20)

23 (24)ª ʰ

30 (24)ʳ

0.462

 Potatoes

202 (105)

209 (95)

156 (91)ª ʰ

136 (65)ª ʰ

125 (91)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

 Vegetables and pulses

44 (34)

47 (47)

96 (63)ª ʰ

129 (101)ª ʰ ʲ

186 (141)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Fruits and berries

132 (95)

130 (100)

142 (89)

178 (138)ª ʰ ʲ

228 (173)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Keyhole milk products

118 (235)

171(283)

158 (255)

162 (253)

59 (144) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.194

 Non-Keyhole milk products

267 (273)

313 (278)

219 (239)ʰ

259 (320)

209 (235)ª ʰ ʳ

0.253

 Cream and crème fraîche

15 (21)

19 (22)

15 (21)

21 (20)ª

29 (31)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Cheese

33 (23)

38 (30)

46 (42)ª

58 (46)ª ʰ

43 (31)ª ʳ

< 0.0001

 Fast food

0 (0)

0 (3)

1 (4)

2 (7) ª ʰ

6 (13)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Pasta, rice and food grain

8 (12)

14 (17)ª

23 (26)ª ʰ

35 (37)ª ʰ ʲ

45 (46)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Bread refined

86 (64)

92 (68)

55 (56)ª ʰ

55 (51)ª ʰ

34 (44)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Bread fibre-rich

43 (54)

57 (65)ª

76 (54)ª

78 (56)ª ʰ

75 (53)ª ʰ

< 0.0001

 Cereals

106 (102)

102 (114)

98 (112)

58 (68)ª ʰ ʲ

48 (66)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

 Savoury bakery

17 (15)

15 (14)

11 (13)ª ʰ

14 (19)

15 (21)

0.01

 Sweet bakery

64 (60)

56 (46)

43 (41)ª

45 (35)ª ʰ

22 (25)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Desserts

56 (67)

73 (76)ª

45 (54)ʰ

57 (73)ʰ

53 (71)ʰ

0.798

 Sweet condiments

42 (26)

45 (34)

49 (58)

36 (38)ʰ

17 (20)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Sweets, candy and chocolate

6 (9)

6 (9)

10 (15)

11 (14)ª ʰ

12 (18)ª ʰ

< 0.0001

 Salads

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (1)

1 (7)

4 (27)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Soups

41 (34)

54 (43)ª

66 (139)

51 (60)ª

35 (53)ʰ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Sauces and condiments

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (14)ª ʰ

14 (19)ª ʰ ʲ

37 (36)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Substitute products

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (3)ª

9 (49)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Margarine^

21 (17)

30 (21)ª

33 (20)ª

29 (25)ª

16 (15)

0.007

 Butter^

11 (15)

11 (20)

2 (7)ª ʰ

3 (10)ª ʰ

2 (7)

< 0.0001

 Vegetable oil^

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (2)ª ʰ

3 (6)ª ʰ ʲ

2 (9)

< 0.0001

 Snacks

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (3)ª ʰ ʲ

2 (6)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Nuts and seeds

0 (0)

0 (1)

0 (1)ª

2 (10)ª ʰ ʲ

10 (16)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 Juice

12 (37)

24 (62)

37 (88)ª

85 (134)ª ʰ ʲ

72 (112)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

 Coffee

486 (229)

572 (254)ª

520 (363)

499 (348)ʰ

455 (358)ʰ

< 0.0001

 Tea

162 (76)

191 (85)ª

129 (194)ʰ

170 (236)

163 (235)ʲ

< 0.0001

 Soda

120 (199)

99 (129)

134 (222)

172 (318)ª ʰ

57 (138)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.041

 Alcoholic beverages*

183 (193)

164 (207)

160 (168)

231 (228)ʰ ʲ

237 (255)ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

  1. * Linear trends in intake of alcoholic beverages are based on data from 1981 to 2016
  2. ^ Linear trends in intake of margarine, butter and vegetable oil are based on data from 1971 to 2002
  3. ¶ Keyhole is the National Food Agency-labelling scheme, which guides healthy food choices. For milk and yogurt to meet the criteria for the Keyhole, fat content has to be limited to a maximum of 0.7%, and for flavoured products there is an additional limit for sugars: a maximum of 9%
  4. ªSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1901–02
  5. ʰSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1911–12
  6. ʲSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1922
  7. ʳSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1930