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Table 2 Time trends of EI/BMR-values, mean energy- and nutrient intake per day and comparisons between birth cohorts

From: Time trends in nutrient intake and dietary patterns among five birth cohorts of 70-year-olds examined 1971–2016: results from the Gothenburg H70 birth cohort studies, Sweden

Birth cohort

1901–02

1911–12

1922

1930

1944

  

Examination years

1971–72

1981–83

1992–93

2000–02

2014–16

  

Women

n = 188

n = 130

n = 136

n = 321

n = 474

Linear trend

Recommended daily intake*

Daily intake (except EI/BMR)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

P value

 

 EI/BMR1

1.44 (0.44)

1.50 (0.40)

1.44 (0.38)

1.48 (0.38)

1.52 (0.37)ͣ ʲ ʳ

0.022

 

 Energy (kcal)

1869 (512)

1974 (509)

1885 (458)

1970 (472)ª

2006 (453)ª ʲ

0.001

 

 Protein (g)

67 (17)

70 (19)

76 (18)ª ʰ

77 (19)ª ʰ

84 (22)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 

 Protein (g/kg BW)1

1.03 (0.32)

1.04 (0.32)

1.13 (0.32)ª ʰ

1.11 (0.32)ª ʰ

1.24 (0.38)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

1,20 g/kg BW

 Fat (g)

75 (25)

82 (25)ª

74 (25)ʰ

76 (26)ʰ

83 (26)ª ʲ ʳ

0.001

 

 Carbohydrates (g)

219 (65)

226 (64)

213 (58)

226 (61)ʲ

202 (59)ª ʰ ʳ

0.0001

 

 Alcohol (g)2

1 (2)

2 (4)

4 (7)

5 (6)ʰ

9 (10) ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

< 10

 Fibre (g)

16 (5)

19 (6)ª

20 (7)ª

21 (7)ª ʰ ʲ

25 (8)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

25–30

 Vitamin D (μg)

5.6 (2.2)

5.1 (1.8)ª

6.4 (3.0)ª ʰ

6.5 (2.8)ª ʰ

8.3 (3.8)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

10

 Vitamin C (mg)

93 (55)

83 (44)

112 (70)ª ʰ

128 (68)ª ʰ ʲ

152 (78)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

75

 B12 (μg)

10.0 (6.0)

7.6 (5.5)ª

9.5 (9.0)ʰ

6.5 (4.0)ª ʲ

6.5 (3.0)ª ʰ ʲ

< 0.0001

2

 Folate (μg)

207 (63)

211 (61)

250 (100)ª ʰ

264 (79)ª ʰ

347 (114)ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

300

 Iron (mg)

13 (4)

12 (4)ª

12 (4)

12 (3)

12 (3)ª

0.077

9

 Calcium (mg)

928 (348)

1025 (367)ª

1058 (374)ª

1055 (393)ª

1028 (399)ª

0.003

800

Men

n = 182

n = 132

n = 63

n = 233

n = 387

  

 EI/BMR1

1.42 (0.35)

1.59 (0.43)ª

1.45 (0.45)ʰ

1.56 (0.42)ª

1.40 (0.34)ʳ

0.095

 

 Energy (kcal)

2290 (546)

2555 (644)ª

2402 (707)

2603 (659)ª ʲ

2358 (519)ʰ ʳ

0.538

 

 Protein (g)

80 (20)

86 (22)ª

94 (26)ª ʰ

98 (25)ª ʰ

95 (23) ª ʰ

< 0.0001

 

 Protein (g/kg BW)1

1.06 (0.28)

1.13 (0.34)ª

1.16 (0.33)ª

1.21 (0.35)ª

1.16 (0.33)ª

0.0004

1,20 g/kg BW

 Fat (g)

92 (27)

106 (34)ª

91 (30)ʰ

101 (36)ª

96 (29)ʰ

0.597

 

 Carbohydrates (g)

268 (70)

288 (76)ª

274 (101)

289 (83)ª

236 (67) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

 

 Alcohol (g)2

5 (5)

9 (13)

9 (11)

13 (15)ʰ ʲ

17 (17)ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

< 20

 Fibre (g)

19 (6)

22 (8)ª

22 (8)ª

24 (8)ª ʰ

27 (9) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

25–30

 Vitamin D (μg)

6.7 (2.5)

6.4 (2.5)

8.1 (3.2)ª ʰ

8.4 (3.5)ª ʰ

9.6 (4.7) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

10

 Vitamin C (mg)

85 (45)

84 (42)

100 (56)ʰ

129 (80)ª ʰ ʲ

147 (85) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

75

 B12 (μg)

10.9 (6.1)

8.0 (4.3)ª

12.8 (9.2)ʰ

8.7 (5.8)ª ʲ

7.8 (4.1) ª ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

2

 Folate (μg)

230 (59)

245 (74)

268 (83)ª

301 (107)ª ʰ ʲ

356 (116) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

300

 Iron (mg)

15 (5)

16 (5)

16 (6)

16 (4)

13 (3) ª ʰ ʲ ʳ

< 0.0001

9

 Calcium (mg)

1051 (393)

1217 (450)ª

1170 (400)ª

1312 (557)ª ʲ

1059 (411)ʰ ʲ ʳ

0.901

800

  1. *Based on the Nordic nutrition recommendations 2012
  2. 1There were missing protein/kgBW (body weight) and EI/BMR values, due to missing weight data, for one women in birth cohort 1911, five in birth cohort 1922, three in birth cohort 1930, two in birth cohort 1944 and four men in birth cohort 1922 and one man in birth cohort 1930
  3. 2Linear trends in alcohol intake are based on data from 1981 to 2016
  4. ªSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1901–02
  5. ʰSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1911–12
  6. ʲSignificant difference compared with birth cohort 1922
  7. ʳSignificant difference compared with birth cohort1930