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Table 1 Participants’ characteristics according to the tertiles of seaweed intakes at baseline (n = 500)

From: Dietary seaweed intake and depressive symptoms in Japanese adults: a prospective cohort study

Variables

Tertiles of seaweed intakes

p valuea

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

Seaweed intakes, g/1000 kcal/day

1.6 (0.9)

5.0 (1.4)

13.1 (6.3)

 

No. of participants

167

167

166

 

Sex (women), %

20.4

18.0

29.5

0.046

Age, years

44.0 (10.0)

45.4 (9.6)

47.6 (10.6)

0.001

BMI, kg/m2

23.2 (3.3)

23.2 (3.9)

23.0 (3.3)

0.530

Education (≥college), %

21.6

33.5

31.9

0.037

Occupation (desk work), %

46.1

43.7

48.8

0.624

Living status (alone), %

15.0

9.0

7.2

0.021

Smoking status

 Current, %

46.1

46.1

38.6

 

 Former, %

15.6

13.2

13.9

 

 Never, %

38.3

40.7

47.6

0.098

Alcohol intake frequency

 Every day, %

31.7

25.7

27.1

 

 Sometimes, %

48.5

56.3

45.8

 

 Never, %

19.8

18.0

27.1

0.120

Physical activity

 0, MET hours/week

24.0

22.2

24.1

 

 0.1–22.9, MET hours/week

38.9

38.3

40.4

 

 ≥ 23, MET hours/week

37.1

39.5

35.5

0.838

Skipping breakfast, %

29.3

20.4

13.9

0.001

Metabolic syndrome, %

18.6

14.4

18.7

0.980

Protein intakes, g/1000 kcal/day

32.8

34.1

36.4

< 0.001

Green leafy vegetables intakes, g/1000 kcal/day

15.2 (16.4)

16.5 (13.0)

24.4 (19.5)

< 0.001

Fish intakes, g/1000 kcal/day

15.2 (11.8)

16.2 (9.4)

19.9 (12.7)

< 0.001

SDS scores

38.9 (6.6)

39.0 (6.8)

37.5 (7.5)

0.077

  1. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), or percentage
  2. BMI Body mass index, MET Metabolic equivalent, SDS Self-rating depression scale
  3. aDifferences were evaluated using analysis of covariance and chi-squared test for linear trend, as appropriate