Table 5 Frequency of food intake by the parent-child cooking together group
food category | frequency | not cooking together | cooking together | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n=2004 | n=233 | |||||
n | % | n | % | |||
Food group | ||||||
grain | ≥ 2 times per day | 1953 | 97.5 | 231 | 99.1 | 0.167 |
Once a day | 35 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
4–6 days /week | 12 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
1–3 days /week | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
less than once a week | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
have not eaten yet | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
fish | ≥ 2 times per day | 105 | 5.2 | 19 | 8.2 | 0.011 |
Once a day | 230 | 11.5 | 33 | 14.2 | ||
4–6 days /week | 466 | 23.3 | 56 | 24.0 | ||
1–3 days /week | 1076 | 53.7 | 116 | 46.8 | ||
less than once a week | 125 | 6.2 | 8 | 3.4 | ||
have not eaten yet | 2 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
meat | ≥ 2 times per day | 245 | 12.2 | 41 | 17.6 | 0.140 |
Once a day | 396 | 19.8 | 52 | 22.3 | ||
4–6 days /week | 905 | 45.2 | 83 | 35.6 | ||
1–3 days /week | 434 | 21.7 | 52 | 22.3 | ||
less than once a week | 23 | 1.2 | 3 | 1.3 | ||
have not eaten yet | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.9 | ||
eggs | ≥ 2 times per day | 79 | 3.9 | 13 | 5.6 | 0.279 |
Once a day | 436 | 21.8 | 64 | 27.5 | ||
4–6 days /week | 708 | 35.3 | 76 | 32.6 | ||
1–3 days /week | 604 | 30.1 | 63 | 27.0 | ||
less than once a week | 144 | 7.2 | 13 | 5.6 | ||
have not eaten yet | 33 | 1.7 | 4 | 1.7 | ||
soybeans and soy products | ≥ 2 times per day | 136 | 6.8 | 24 | 10.3 | 0.001 |
Once a day | 411 | 20.5 | 53 | 22.8 | ||
4–6 days /week | 616 | 30.7 | 74 | 31.8 | ||
1–3 days /week | 701 | 35.0 | 65 | 27.9 | ||
less than once a week | 138 | 6.9 | 14 | 6.0 | ||
have not eaten yet | 2 | 0.1 | 3 | 1.3 | ||
vegetables | ≥ 2 times per day | 1064 | 53.1 | 143 | 61.4 | 0.003 |
Once a day | 497 | 24.8 | 41 | 17.6 | ||
4–6 days /week | 286 | 14.3 | 29 | 12.5 | ||
1–3 days /week | 135 | 6.7 | 15 | 6.4 | ||
less than once a week | 21 | 1.1 | 3 | 1.3 | ||
have not eaten yet | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.9 | ||
fruit | ≥ 2 times per day | 208 | 10.4 | 34 | 14.6 | 0.306 |
Once a day | 555 | 27.7 | 60 | 25.8 | ||
4–6 days /week | 543 | 27.1 | 66 | 28.3 | ||
1–3 days /week | 531 | 26.5 | 51 | 21.9 | ||
less than once a week | 162 | 8.1 | 21 | 9.0 | ||
have not eaten yet | 5 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
milk | ≥ 2 times per day | 706 | 35.2 | 103 | 44.2 | 0.002 |
Once a day | 718 | 35.8 | 91 | 39.1 | ||
4-6 days /week | 305 | 15.2 | 20 | 8.6 | ||
1-3 days /week | 203 | 10.1 | 18 | 7.7 | ||
less than once a week | 52 | 2.6 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
have not eaten yet | 20 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Processed food | ||||||
sweetened beverage | ≥ 2 times per day | 206 | 10.3 | 28 | 12.0 | 0.814 |
Once a day | 407 | 20.3 | 52 | 22.3 | ||
4–6 days /week | 310 | 15.5 | 33 | 14.2 | ||
1–3 days /week | 666 | 33.2 | 69 | 29.6 | ||
less than once a week | 371 | 18.5 | 46 | 19.7 | ||
have not eaten yet | 44 | 2.2 | 5 | 2.2 | ||
confectionery | ≥ 2 times per day | 241 | 12.0 | 33 | 14.2 | 0.481 |
Once a day | 970 | 48.4 | 104 | 44.6 | ||
4-6 days /week | 364 | 18.2 | 38 | 16.3 | ||
1-3 days /week | 321 | 16.0 | 40 | 17.2 | ||
less than once a week | 97 | 4.8 | 17 | 7.3 | ||
have not eaten yet | 11 | 0.6 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
instant noodle | ≥ 2 times per day | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.082 |
Once a day | 4 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
4–6 days /week | 13 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.9 | ||
1–3 days /week | 187 | 9.3 | 23 | 9.9 | ||
less than once a week | 1451 | 72.4 | 150 | 64.4 | ||
have not eaten yet | 349 | 17.4 | 57 | 24.5 | ||
fast food | ≥ 2 times per day | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.014 |
Once a day | 5 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.4 | ||
4–6 days /week | 15 | 0.8 | 3 | 1.3 | ||
1–3 days /week | 232 | 11.6 | 17 | 7.3 | ||
less than once a week | 1642 | 81.9 | 188 | 80.7 | ||
have not eaten yet | 110 | 5.5 | 24 | 10.3 | ||
lsmean | SE | lsmean | SE | |||
Food diversity score† | 8 points/day | 3.64 | 0.19 | 4.04 | 0.22 | 0.002 |
Processed food score † | 4 points/day | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.61 | 0.09 | 0.474 |