From: Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | Model V | Model VI | Model VII |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | aOR 95% (CI) | |
Birth weight | |||||||
Low birthweighta | 2.42 (1.38–4.25)* | 2.63 (1.48–4.67)* | 2.63 (1.48–4.69)* | 2.54 (1.41–4.56)* | 2.53 (1.41–4.57)* | 2.56 (1.42–4.63)* | 2.53 (1.40–4.57)* |
Normal and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sex of the child | |||||||
Male | 1.52 (0.95–2.45) | 1.49 (0.93–2.39) | 1.53 (0.94–2.52) | 1.56 (0.95–2.56) | 1.56 (0.95–2.57) | 1.57 (0.95–2.59) | |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Age | |||||||
6–11 | 1.94 (0.87–4.37) | 1.46 (0.65–3.26) | 1.18 (0.50–2.83) | 1.14 (0.48–2.75) | 1.14 (0.47–2.74) | 1.07 (0.43–2.62) | |
12–23 | 1.93 (0.89–4.18) | 1.43 (0.66–3.11) | 1.27 (0.56–2.93) | 1.27 (0.55–2.90) | 1.27 (0.55–2.91) | 1.25 (0.55–2.88) | |
24–35 | 1.15 (0.54–2.47) | 0.96 (0.45–2.07) | 0.94 (0.42–2.07) | 0.93 (0.42–2.07) | 0.92 (0.41–2.06) | 0.91 (0.41–2.03) | |
36–47 | 1.07 (0.47–2.43) | 0.99 (0.43–2.25) | 0.99 (0.43–2.32) | 0.99 (0.42–2.32) | 0.98 (0.42–2.31) | 0.95 (0.41–2.23) | |
48–59 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Multiple births | |||||||
Single births | 9.62 (2.15–43.0)* | 9.43 (2.07–43.0)* | 12.8 (2.59–63.1)* | 13.5 (2.73–66.4)* | 13.0 (2.67–63.6)* | 13.2 (2.69–64.4)* | |
Twins | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Preceding birth interval | |||||||
< 24 | 1.44 (0.81–2.60) | 1.44 (0.81–2.57) | 1.04 (0.50–2.17) | 1.02 (0.49–2.12) | 1.02 (0.49–2.12) | 1.08 (0.51–2.28) | |
24–47 | 1.07 (0.58–1.94) | 1.07 (0.58–1.96) | 0.87 (0.41–1.86) | 0.85 (0.40–1.82) | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | 0.91 (0.42–1.96) | |
48+ | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Recent diarrheab | |||||||
No | 0.58 (0.37–0.93)* | 0.59 (0.37–0.96)* | 0.59 (0.36–0.95)* | 0.59 (0.37–0.95)* | 0.59 (0.36–0.97)* | ||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Recent feverc | |||||||
No | 0.51 (0.32–0.82)* | 0.47 (0.29–0.78)* | 0.48 (0.29–0.78)* | 0.48 (0.29–0.79)* | 0.48 (0.29–0.80)* | ||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Maternal age | |||||||
15–19 | 1.24 (0.41–3.72) | 1.21 (0.40–3.59) | 1.24 (0.41–3.71) | 1.11 (0.37–3.36) | |||
20–24 | 0.90 (0.42–1.93) | 0.90 (0.42–1.90) | 0.91 (0.43–1.94) | 0.83 (0.38–1.78) | |||
25–29 | 0.94 (0.45–1.99) | 0.93 (0.44–1.95) | 0.94 (0.44–1.99) | 0.92 (0.43–1.97) | |||
30–34 | 0.55 (0.24–1.28) | 0.54 (0.23–1.25) | 0.55 (0.23–1.28) | 0.52 (0.22–1.22) | |||
35–49 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maternal education levels | |||||||
No education | 0.70 (0.27–1.78) | 0.66 (0.26–1.72) | 0.66 (0.26–1.72) | 0.65 (0.23–1.82) | |||
Primary | 0.80 (0.40–1.59) | 0.79 (0.39–1.55) | 0.80 (0.39–1.61) | 0.85 (0.39–1.83) | |||
Secondary and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maternal body mass indexd | |||||||
Underweight | 5.00 (1.64–15.2)* | 5.28 (1.68–16.5)* | 5.21 (1.67–16.2)* | 5.45 (1.71–17.3)* | |||
Optimal weight | 2.26 (0.92–5.54) | 2.30 (0.93–5.70) | 2.25 (0.91–5.61) | 2.40 (0.97–5.99) | |||
Overweight/obesity | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Wealth index | |||||||
Poorest | 0.64 (0.25–1.67) | 0.65 (0.25–1.66) | 0.63 (0.24–1.68) | 0.91 (0.39–2.20) | |||
Poorer | 0.45 (0.18–1.80) | 0.45 (0.18–1.76) | 0.43 (0.17–1.12) | 0.63 (0.27–1.47) | |||
Middle | 0.62 (0.23–1.66) | 0.61 (0.23–1.66) | 0.60 (0.22–1.67) | 0.86 (0.35–2.08) | |||
Richer | 0.65 (0.24–1.75) | 0.66 (0.25–1.75) | 0.64 (0.23–1.78) | 0.85 (0.36–2.04) | |||
Richest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
No of under-5-year children | |||||||
≤ 1 | 0.40 (0.18–0.88)* | 0.39 (0.18–0.86)* | 0.39 (0.18–0.87)* | 0.40 (0.18–0.61)* | |||
2–3 | 0.44 (0.21–0.96)* | 0.44 (0.21–0.94)* | 0.44 (0.21–0.94)* | 0.44 (0.21–0.94)* | |||
≥ 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Amount of media exposuree | |||||||
0 | 1.15 (0.16–8.05) | 1.17 (0.17–8.25) | 1.08 (0.15–7.58) | 1.11 (0.15–7.58) | |||
1 | 0.76 (0.11–5.23) | 0.78 (0.11–5.34) | 0.71 (0.10–4.91) | 0.76 (0.11–5.24) | |||
2 | 0.55 (0.06–4.94) | 0.56 (0.06–5.06) | 0.53 (0.06–4.89) | 0.51 (0.06–4.54) | |||
3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Source of drinking water | |||||||
Unimproved | 1.40 (0.76–2.56) | 1.38 (0.76–2.53) | 1.44 (0.79–2.65) | ||||
Improvedf | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Sanitation facility | |||||||
Unimproved | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) | 0.73 (0.42–1.25) | 0.72 (0.42–1.24) | ||||
Improvedg | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Place of delivery | |||||||
Home and other | 1.08 (0.53–2.23) | 1.06 (0.51–2.20) | |||||
Hospital/institutionh | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Distance to health facility | |||||||
Perceived problem | 0.83 (0.50–1.39) | 0.81 (0.48–1.36) | |||||
Not perceived problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Place of residence | |||||||
Urban | 2.21 (1.01–4.84)* | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | ||||||
Geographical region | |||||||
Northern | 0.65 (0.30–1.41) | ||||||
Central | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | ||||||
Southern | 1.00 |