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Table 2 Multivariate logistic analysis of the association of low birthweight with childhood stunting while controlling for several covariates

From: Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi

Variables

Model I

Model II

Model III

Model IV

Model V

Model VI

Model VII

COR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

aOR 95% (CI)

Birth weight

 Low birthweighta

1.72 (1.35–2.20)*

1.63 (1.26–2.10)*

1.63 (1.26–2.11)*

1.55 (1.19–2.01)*

1.55 (1.19–2.01)*

1.54 (1.18–2.00)*

1.55 (1.19–2.01)*

 Normal and above

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Sex of the child

 Male

 

1.21 (1.04–1.41)*

1.21 (1.04–1.41)*

1.22 (1.05–1.43)*

1.22 (1.05–1.43)*

1.23 (1.05–1.43)*

1.23 (1.05–1.44)*

 Female

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Age

 6–11

 

0.56 (0.41–0.76)*

0.54 (0.39–0.74)*

0.50 (0.36–0.69)*

0.49 (0.36–0.69)*

0.49 (0.35–0.69)*

0.49 (0.36–0.69)*

 12–23

 

1.19 (0.93–1.51)

1.16 (0.90–1.48)

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

 24–35

 

1.46 (1.14–1.86)*

1.45 (1.13–1.86)*

1.39 (1.08–1.78)*

1.39 (1.08–1.78)*

1.38 (1.08–1.77)*

1.39 (1.09–1.78)*

 36–47

 

1.54 (1.21–1.95)*

1.53 (1.21–1.95)*

1.52 (1.20–1.93)*

1.52 (1.20–1.93)*

1.52 (1.20–1.93)*

1.53 (1.20–1.94)*

 48–59

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Multiple births

 Single births

 

0.49 (0.28–0.88)*

0.50 (0.28–0.89)*

0.47 (0.27–0.81)*

0.47 (0.28–0.82)*

0.48 (0.28–0.83)*

0.47 (0.28–0.81)*

 Twins

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Preceding birth interval

  < 24

 

1.23 (0.99–1.53)

1.23 (0.99–1.53)

1.05 (0.80–1.39)

1.05 (0.80–1.39)

1.05 (0.80–1.39)

1.04 (0.79–1.37)

 24–47

 

1.14 (0.91–1.42)

1.14 (0.91–1.42)

0.95 (0.74–1.20)

0.94 (0.74–1.20)

0.95 (0.74–1.20)

0.93 (0.73–1.18)

 48+

 

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Recent diarrheab

 No

  

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

0.87 (0.70–1.07)

0.87 (0.71–1.08)

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

 Yes

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Recent feverc

 No

  

1.05 (0.89–1.26)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.07 (0.90–1.28)

1.07 (0.90–1.28)

 Yes

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Maternal age

 15–19

   

0.86 (0.56–1.31)

0.86 (0.56–1.31)

0.84 (0.55–1.29)

0.87 (0.57–1.33)

 20–24

   

1.15 (0.86–1.54)

1.15 (0.86–1.53)

1.14 (0.85–1.52)

1.16 (0.87–1.55)

 25–29

   

0.91 (0.69–1.21)

0.91 (0.69–1.21)

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

0.91 (0.69–1.20)

 30–34

   

0.85 (0.63–1.13)

0.85 (0.63–1.13)

0.84 (0.62–1.12)

0.85 (0.63–1.13)

 35–49

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Maternal education levels

 No education

   

1.56 (1.13–2.18)*

1.57 (1.13–2.17)*

1.58 (1.14–2.20)*

1.59 (1.15–2.21)*

 Primary

   

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

1.17 (0.93–1.46)

1.15 (0.92–1.44)

 Secondary and above

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Maternal body mass indexd

       

 Underweight

   

2.02 (1.34–3.04)*

2.03 (1.34–3.06)*

2.05 (1.36–3.09)*

2.06 (1.36–3.10)*

 Optimal weight

   

1.46 (1.16–1.84)*

1.46 (1.16–1.84)*

1.48 (1.17–1.86)*

1.47 (1.16–1.85)*

 Overweight/obesity

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Wealth index

 Poorest

   

2.28 (1.64–3.19)*

2.30 (1.64–3.24)*

2.36 (1.67–3.33)*

2.04 (1.40–2.98)*

 Poorer

   

2.07 (1.48–2.90)*

2.08 (1.48–2.92)*

2.13 (1.50–3.01)*

1.84 (1.25–2.69)*

 Middle

   

1.73 (1.25–2.40)*

1.73 (1.24–2.41)*

1.76 (1.26–2.46)*

1.55 (1.08–2.24)*

 Richer

   

1.29 (0.91–1.82)

1.29 (0.91–1.83)

1.32 (0.93–1.87)

1.18 (0.81–1.72)

 Richest

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

No of under-5-year children

  ≤ 1

   

0.71 (0.53–0.96)*

0.71 (0.53–0.96)*

0.70 (0.52–0.95)*

0.70 (0.52–0.95)*

 2–3

   

0.78 (0.59–1.05)

0.78 (0.59–1.05)

0.78 (0.58–1.05)

0.79 (0.59–1.05)

  ≥ 4

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Amount of media exposuree

 0

   

0.64 (0.20–2.03)

0.64 (0.20–2.04)

0.66 (0.20–2.12)

0.64 (0.21–1.99)

 1

   

0.66 (0.21–2.11)

0.67 (0.21–2.12)

0.69 (0.21–2.20)

0.65 (0.21–2.02)

 2

   

0.53 (0.17–1.71)

0.54 (0.17–1.72)

0.54 (0.17–1.74)

0.53 (0.17–1.67)

 3

   

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Source of drinking water

 Unimproved

    

1.02 (0.82–1.28)

1.04 (0.83–1.30)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

 Improvedf

    

1.00

1.00

1.00

Sanitation facility

 Unimproved

    

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

 Improvedg

    

1.00

1.00

1.00

Place of delivery

 Home and other

     

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

 Hospital/institutionh

     

1.00

1.00

Perceived Distance to health facility

 Perceived problem

     

1.13 (0.96–1.34)

1.15 (0.97–1.36)

 Not perceived problem

     

1.00

1.00

Place of residence

 Urban

      

0.70 (0.50–0.99)*

 Rural

      

1.00

Geographical region

 Northern

      

1.07 (0.85–1.36)

 Central

      

1.18 (0.98–1.42)

 Southern

      

1.00

  1. *P < 0.05; aProportion of births with a reported birth weight < 2500 g regardless of gestational age; bpassage of three or more loose or liquid stools during a 24-h period; cself-reports by mothers about symptoms that had occurred within 2 weeks prior to the survey; dweight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2); efrequency of reading newspaper or magazine, frequency of listening to radio, frequency of watching television.; fimproved drinking water (piped water into dwelling, piped water to yard/plot, public tap or standpipe, tubewell or borehole, protected dug well, protected spring and rainwater); gimproved sanitation (flush toilet, piped sewer system, septic tank, flush/pour flush to pit latrine, ventilated improved pit latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet); hgovernment hospital, government health center, government health post/outreach, other public sector, private hospital/clinic, CHAM/MISSION hospital, CHAM/MISSION health Center, BLM, other private medical sector
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Nutrition Journal

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