From: Association of low birth weight with undernutrition in preschool-aged children in Malawi
Characteristic | Overall sample nk (%)l | Stunted % | Underweight % | Wasted % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome variablesa | ||||
Stunted | ||||
No | 2521 (61.03) | – | – | – |
Yes | 1526 (38.97) | – | – | – |
Underweight | ||||
No | 3551 (88.69) | – | – | – |
yes | 496 (11.31) | – | – | – |
Wasted | ||||
No | 3933 (97.70) | – | – | – |
Yes | 114 (2.30) | – | – | – |
Main independent variable | ||||
Birth weight | ||||
Low birthweightb | 399 (10.11) | 50.63* | 23.81* | 5.26* |
Normal and above | 3648 (89.89) | 36.29 | 10.99 | 2.55 |
Child characteristics | ||||
Sex of the child | ||||
Male | 2005 (48.78) | 39.30* | 12.87 | 3.09 |
Female | 2042 (51.22) | 36.14 | 11.66 | 2.55 |
Age | ||||
6–11 | 459 (11.70) | 22.88* | 9.59* | 4.58* |
12–23 | 926 (21.98) | 38.88 | 11.45 | 3.46 |
24–35 | 921 (22.61) | 41.91 | 12.49 | 2.71 |
36–47 | 905 (22.98) | 43.54 | 14.92 | 2.10 |
48–59 | 836 (20.73) | 33.61 | 11.48 | 2.03 |
Multiple births | ||||
Single births | 3927 (97.09) | 37.08* | 12.12 | 2.85 |
Twins | 120 (2.91) | 58.33 | 16.67 | 1.67 |
Preceding birth interval (months) | ||||
< 24 | 1352 (32.50) | 40.24* | 13.83 | 3.55 |
24–47 | 1624 (41.30) | 37.93 | 11.88 | 2.46 |
48+ | 1071 (26.20) | 34.17 | 10.83 | 2.43 |
Child health related factors | ||||
Recent diarrheac | ||||
No | 3178 (78.09) | 37.44 | 11.80 | 2.39* |
Yes | 869 (21.91) | 38.67 | 13.92 | 4.37 |
Recent feverd | ||||
No | 2783 (68.01) | 37.33 | 11.93 | 2.34* |
Yes | 1264 (31.99) | 38.53 | 12.97 | 3.88 |
Maternal/household Characteristics | ||||
Maternal age (years) | ||||
15–19 | 239 (6.13) | 37.24* | 10.88 | 4.60 |
20–24 | 1225 (29.36) | 41.80 | 14.37 | 3.27 |
25–29 | 1008 (24.62) | 35.12 | 10.42 | 2.78 |
30–34 | 792 (20.27) | 34.22 | 11.74 | 2.15 |
35–49 | 783 (19.63) | 38.31 | 12.26 | 2.30 |
Maternal education levels | ||||
No education | 542 (14.16) | 46.13* | 14.21* | 2.03 |
Primary | 2685 (67.47) | 38.40 | 12.63 | 2.83 |
Secondary and above | 820 (18.37) | 29.88 | 9.76 | 3.29 |
Maternal body mass indexe | ||||
Underweight | 229 (5.62) | 43.67* | 20.09* | 5.68* |
Optimal weight | 3014 (75.00) | 39.38 | 12.67 | 2.92 |
Overweight/obesity | 804 (19.32) | 29.73 | 8.46 | 1.62 |
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 955 (26.09) | 44.61* | 15.39* | 3.35 |
Poorer | 958 (24.69) | 41.96 | 13.78 | 2.51 |
Middle | 800 (19.34) | 38.50 | 11.50 | 2.63 |
Richer | 729 (17.55) | 31.96 | 10.01 | 2.47 |
Richest | 605 (12.34) | 25.95 | 8.60 | 3.14 |
No of under-5-year children | ||||
≤ 1 | 1938 (47.51) | 35.04* | 11.56* | 2.53* |
2–3 | 1776 (44.29) | 39.36 | 11.88 | 2.87 |
≥ 4 | 333 (8.20) | 44.44 | 18.32 | 4.20 |
Amount of media exposuref | ||||
0 | 2621 (64.76) | 40.02* | 13.47* | 3.13 |
1 | 1112 (27.48) | 35.25 | 10.97 | 1.98 |
2 | 272 (6.72) | 27.57 | 6.62 | 2.94 |
3 | 42 (1.04) | 23.81 | 7.14 | 4.76 |
Household environmental factors | ||||
Source of drinking water | ||||
Unimproved | 670 (15.88) | 41.34* | 14.18 | 3.13 |
Improvedg | 3377 (84.12) | 36.99 | 11.87 | 2.75 |
Sanitation facility | ||||
Unimproved | 806 (20.80) | 39.70 | 11.91 | 2.48 |
Improvedh | 3241 (79.20) | 37.21 | 12.34 | 2.90 |
Health Service utilization | ||||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home and other | 335 (8.79) | 40.30 | 17.01* | 3.28 |
Hospital/institutioni | 3712 (91.21) | 37.47 | 11.83 | 2.77 |
Perceived distance to health facility | ||||
Perceived problem | 1773 (40.28) | 37.79 | 12.35 | 2.88 |
Not perceived problem | 2274 (59.72) | 37.64 | 12.18 | 2.77 |
Community characteristics | ||||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 481 (7.91) | 27.86* | 10.40 | 4.37* |
Rural | 3566 (92.09) | 39.04 | 12.51 | 2.61 |
Geographical region | ||||
Northern | 710 (10.81) | 31.69* | 10.00 | 2.11 |
Central | 1458 (43.18) | 40.26 | 11.93 | 2.40 |
Southern | 1879 (46.01) | 38.00 | 13.36 | 3.41 |