Table 3 Mean (standard deviation) nutrient contents in the observed diets (i.e. mean observed diet) and in diets optimized with cost-constrained and cost-free models at three levels of acceptability constraintsa (n = 89 GSb)
Nutrient | Unit | Mean observed diet | Rigorous | Moderate | Flexible | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cost constrained | cost free | cost constrained | cost free | cost constrained | cost free | |||
Energy | kcal | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) | 1792 (226) |
Carbohydrates | % kcal | 51.7 (2) | 51.3 (2.1) | 51.6 (2.1) | 50.6 (2.5) | 51.4 (2.1) | 50.4 (2.6) | 52.6 (2.5) |
Free sugars | %kcal | 8.4 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.2) | 6.6 (2.2) | 7.4 (2.4) | 6.6 (2.2) | 7 (2.4) | 5.3 (1.5) |
Total fiber | g | 19.9 (3.2) | 23.4 (2.4) | 22.7 (2.4) | 23.7 (3.1) | 22.6 (2.8) | 25.4 (3.5) | 27.7 (3.2) |
Protein | %kcal | 18.3 (1.8) | 19.7 (1.8) | 19.3 (1.8) | 20.5 (2.3) | 19.3 (1.9) | 21 (2.2) | 19.4 (2) |
Total fat | %kcal | 30 (2.2) | 30.4 (2.2) | 30.2 (2.2) | 30.5 (2.2) | 30.4 (2.2) | 30.6 (2.1) | 30.3 (2) |
Linoleic acid | %kcal | 4.8 (0.4) | 5.3 (0. 4) | 5.1 (0.1) | 5.1 (0.1) | 5.1 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.1) | 5.6 (0.1) |
Linolenic acid | %kcal | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0. 1) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) |
Saturated fat | %kcal | 10.4 (1.2) | 10.0 (1.1) | 10.1 (1.1) | 10.2 (1.2) | 10.2 (1.1) | 10.0 (1.1) | 9.9 (1) |
Trans fat | %kcal | 1.15 (0.3) | 1.00 (0.2) | 1.00 (0.2) | 1.00 (0.2) | 1.04 (0.2) | 0.94 (0.2) | 0.93 (0.1) |
PUFA | %kcal | 6.16 (0.4) | 6.9 (0.5) | 6.59 (0.5) | 6.8 (0.4) | 6.65 (0.5) | 7.02 (0.5) | 7.05 (0.5) |
MUFA | kcal | 10.03 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) |
Sodium | mg | 2995 (352) | 2962 (352) | 2963 (329) | 2963 (350) | 2967 (331) | 2894 (352) | 2954 (340) |
Calcium | mg | 456 (75) | 538 (78) | 598 (77) | 556 (72) | 655 (94) | 646 (94) | 685 (111) |
Copper | mg | 1.32 (0.5) | 1.75 (0.35) | 1.71 (0.36) | 1.74 (0.35) | 1.76 (0.41) | 1.99 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.44) |
Iron | mg | 11.57 (1.7) | 12.67 (1.24) | 13.13 (1.35) | 12.62 (1.26) | 13.63 (1.38) | 13.87 (1.15) | 14.11 (1.38) |
Phosphorus | mg | 975 (161) | 1049 (158) | 1132 (159) | 1056 (157) | 1175 (167) | 1109 (160) | 1200 (202) |
Magnesium | mg | 228.9 (33) | 262 (29.2) | 281.6 (31) | 261.5 (29.8) | 298.9 (34.6) | 305 (31) | 328.2 (51.8) |
Zinc | mg | 10.9 (1.7) | 11.2 (1.5) | 11.3 (1.5) | 11.1 (1.5) | 11.4 (1.4) | 11.3 (1.4) | 11.5 (1.5) |
Niacin | mg | 25.1 (3.9) | 27.8 (3.5) | 29.9 (3.8) | 27.9 (3.5) | 31 (3.7) | 28.7 (4.1) | 31.2 (4.8) |
Vitamin A c | mcg | 632 (342) | 906 (247) | 959 (240) | 907 (242) | 1019 (270) | 1036 (276) | 1062 (285) |
Thiamin | mg | 1.14 (0.2) | 1.24 (0.17) | 1.25 (0.17) | 1.23 (0.17) | 1.28 (0.17) | 1.28 (0.17) | 1.28 (0.17) |
Riboflavin | mg | 1.37 (0.3) | 1.51 (0.25) | 1.52 (0.23) | 1.51 (0.25) | 1.53 (0.23) | 1.55 (0.23) | 1.57 (0.22) |
Vitamin B6 | mg | 1.43 (0.2) | 1.52 (0.17) | 1.62 (0.17) | 1.51 (0.17) | 1.66 (0.17) | 1.56 (0.19) | 1.68 (0.26) |
Vitamin B12 | mcg | 6.12 (3) | 7.72 (2.31) | 7.99 (2.66) | 7.69 (2.36) | 8.1 (3.1) | 7.92 (2.82) | 8.05 (2.66) |
Vitamin C | mg | 44.5 (17.4) | 71.7 (19.2) | 86.1 (21) | 69.2 (19.5) | 99 (20.4) | 105.8 (27.5) | 119.2 (35.1) |
Vitamin D | mcg | 3.32 (2.2) | 3.55 (2.07) | 4.34 (2.27) | 3.55 (2.08) | 4.59 (2.26) | 3.57 (2.09) | 4.59 (2.47) |
Vitamin E | mg | 5.47 (0.9) | 5.92 (0.7) | 6.74 (0.71) | 5.92 (0.69) | 7.28 (0.83) | 6.99 (0.77) | 7.69 (1.39) |
Folate d | mcg | 416 (87) | 447 (77) | 461 (81) | 446 (76) | 468 (78) | 465 (73) | 472 (74) |