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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants aged ≥40 years old by kidney function status obtained from MJ Health Institute between 2008 and 2010

From: Association of kidney function-related dietary pattern, weight status, and cardiovascular risk factors with severity of impaired kidney function in middle-aged and older adults with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional population study

 

Total

(n = 41,128)

Mildly impaired kidney functiona

(n = 37,882)

Moderately/Severely impaired kidney functionb

(n = 3246)

P c

Age (y)

52.6 ± 9.9

51.7 ± 9.3

62.9 ± 11.1

<  0.001

Sex, males

21,376 (52.0)

19,682 (52.0)

1694 (52.2)

0.800

Smoking status, current

6717 (16.3)

6304 (16.6)

413 (12.7)

<  0.001

Drinking status, yes

6420 (15.6)

6032 (15.9)

388 (12.0)

<  0.001

Physical activity, yes

10,814 (26.3)

9988 (26.4)

816 (25.1)

<  0.001

High cardiovascular risk profile

2489 (6.1)

1933 (5.1)

556 (17.1)

<  0.001

Hypertension status

11,779 (28.6)

10,008 (26.4)

1771 (54.6)

<  0.001

Diabetes status

3974 (9.7)

3291 (8.7)

683 (21.0)

<  0.001

Weight status

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.0 ± 3.3

23.9 ± 3.3

24.7 ± 3.5

<  0.001

 Waist circumference

79.7 ± 9.7

79.4 ± 9.7

82.5 ± 10.1

<  0.001

 Hip circumference

95.2 ± 5.9

95.2 ± 5.9

95.4 ± 6.1

0.044

 WHR

0.9 ± 1.4

0.9 ± 1.4

0.9 ± 0.1

<  0.001

 Body fat mass (%)

27.4 ± 6.9

27.3 ± 6.8

27.9 ± 7.5

<  0.001

Cardiovascular risk factors

 SBP (mmHg)

122.5 ± 18.2

121.8 ± 17.8

131.0 ± 20.2

<  0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

73.8 ± 11.8

73.6 ± 11.7

76.2 ± 12.1

<  0.001

 FBG (mmol/L)

5.9 ± 1.3

5.8 ± 1.2

6.3 ± 1.9

<  0.001

 TG (mmol/L)

1.4 ± 1.1

1.4 ± 1.0

1.6 ± 1.2

<  0.001

 TC (mmol/L)

5.3 ± 0.9

5.3 ± 0.9

5.4 ± 1.0

<  0.001

 HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.5 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.4

<  0.001

 LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.1 ± 0.8

3.1 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 0.8

<  0.001

 TC/HDL-C

3.6 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.9

3.8 ± 1.0

<  0.001

 Calcium (mmol/L)

2.3 ± 0.1

2.3 ± 0.1

2.4 ± 0.1

<  0.001

 Phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.1 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.2

0.816

Albumin, inflammatory biomarker, and kidney function

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.5 ± 0.2

4.5 ± 0.2

4.4 ± 0.2

<  0.001

 CRP (nmol/L)

22.5 ± 47.9

21.4 ± 43.4

33.7 ± 81.0

<  0.001

 BUN (mmol/L)

5.2 ± 1.5

5.0 ± 1.2

6.9 ± 2.8

<  0.001

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

89.5 ± 22.2

86.8 ± 13.7

120.5 ± 54.8

<  0.001

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

73.7 ± 9.9

75.7 ± 7.5

52.6 ± 8.6

<  0.001

Proteinuria

   

<  0.001

 + 1

39,311 (95.6)

36,623 (96.7)

2688 (82.8)

 

 + 2

1041 (2.5)

819 (2.2)

222 (6.8)

 

 ≥ + 3

776 (1.9)

440 (1.1)

336 (10.4)

 
  1. BMI body mass index, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FBG fasting blood glucose, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TC/HDL-C total cholesterol-to-HDL-C ratio, CRP C-reactive protein, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD, and categorical data are presented as numbers (percentage)
  2. aMildly impaired kidney function was defined as eGFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2
  3. bModerately/severely impaired kidney function was defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
  4. cThe P-value was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables