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Table 6 Association between Diabetes Status and Health Markers in U.S. adults (Age ≥ 20 years)

From: Healthy eating index versus alternate healthy index in relation to diabetes status and health markers in U.S. adults: NHANES 2007–2010

Health Markers

(n)

Diabetes Status

ap-value

Nondiabetes (n = 1436)

Prediabetes (n = 1905)

Diabetes (n = 715)

LSM ± SE

LSM ± SE

LSM ± SE

aBMI (kg/m2)

4056

26.7 ± 0.2

29.6 ± 0.2

32.8 ± 0.4

<.0001*

aWC (cm)

3978

93.9 ± 0.6

100.9 ± 0.4

108.8 ± 0.9

<.0001*

aTotal cholesterol (mg/dl)

4029

197.6 ± 1.5

201.9 ± 1.0

181.1 ± 2.5

<.0001*

bHDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

4029

55.5 ± 0.5

52.9 ± 0.5

49.3 ± 0.6

<.0001*

aLDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

3952

117.3 ± 1.0

122.1 ± 0.9

101.3 ± 1.8

<.0001

aTG (mg/dl)

4025

116.9 ± 2.8

139.2 ± 2.7

168.8 ± 8.3

<.0001*

aTG / HDL cholesterol Ratio

4025

2.3 ± 0.08

3.2 ± 0.1

4.5 ± 0.3

<.0001

bCRP (mg/dl)

4045

0.4 ± 0.01

0.4 ± 0.03

0.4 ± 0.02

0.2205

cInsulin (uU/mL)

3918

11.1 ± 0.3

14.1 ± 0.3

15.9 ± 0.7

<.0001*

cMean SBP (mm Hg)

3888

120.0 ± 0.4

122.4 ± 0.5

124.9 ± 1.1

<.0001

cMean DBP (mm Hg)

3888

67.8 ± 0.7

69.4 ± 0.4

68.0 ± 0.7

0.0155

aComorbidity Score

4056

1.7 ± 0.09

2.0 ± 0.09

3.0 ± 0.1

<.0001

  1. Values are least square means ± standard error of the mean (SE). Bonferroni correction (< 0.05/12 health markers), P < 0.004
  2. Mean blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was calculated based on the average of the first three systolic BP readings of the participants while being examined at the MEC. The fourth reading was not included because of missing values. Co-morbidity score was calculated as the sum of self-reported presence of physician-diagnosed comorbidities that tend to co-occur with type 2 diabetes
  3. Abbreviations: LSM Least-Square Means, BMI Body Mass Index, WC Waist Circumference, TC Total Cholesterol, HDL-C High density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C Low density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, CRP C-reactive protein
  4. aAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, and energy intake
  5. bAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, energy intake, and BMI
  6. cAdjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, Poverty-to-Income Ratio, physical activity, energy intake, BMI and WC
  7. *Nontransformed LSMs were presented with p-values associated with the variables after log-transformation for normality. Health markers that were log-transformed include BMI, WC, TC, HDL-C, TG, CRP, and Insulin. Bolded values are significantly different p < 0.01