Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the CACTI cohort

Age (years)

38.0 ± 9.0

36.0 ± 9.0

40.0 ± 9.0

38.0 ± 9.0

0.01

HbA1c (%)

7.9 ± 1.2

7.9 ± 1.3

5.6 ± 0.4

5.4 ± 0.4

< 0.0001

Met < 7% HbA1c goal (%)

18.7

22.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

Duration of diabetes (years)

24.0 ± 9.0

23.0 ± 9.0

N/A

N/A

N/A

Duration of follow-up (years)

6.2 ± 0.6

6.2 ± 0.5

6.1 ± 0.5

6.2 ± 0.6

0.25

BMI (kg/m²)

26.6 ± 3.8

25.8 ± 4.7

27.2 ± 4.1

25.1 ± 5.6

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

90.8 ± 11.0

81.0 ± 12.0

93.0 ± 12.0

79.0 ± 13.0

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

122.0 ± 13.0

114.0 ± 14.0

118.0 ± 11.0

111.0 ± 13.0

< 0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

80.0 ± 9.0

75.0 ± 8.0

82.0 ± 8.0

76.0 ± 8.0

< 0.0001

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)

199.0 ± 102.0

187.0 ± 93.0

93.0 ± 10.0

87.0 ± 9.0

< 0.0001

Plasma cholesterol (mg/dL)

175.0 ± 35.0

176.0 ± 33.0

198.0 ± 43.0

185.0 ± 34.0

< 0.0001

Plasma HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

50.0 ± 13.0

60.0 ± 17.0

43.0 ± 11.0

58.0 ± 14.0

< 0.0001

Plasma triglycerides (mg/dL)

83.0 (62.0–114.0)

77.0 (62.0–103.0)

123.0 (89.0–181.0)

89.0 (66.0–124.0)

< 0.0001

Energy intake (kcal/day)

1954.0 ± 625.0

1633.0 ± 561.0

1992.0 ± 655.0

1655.0 ± 528.0

< 0.0001

Carbohydrate intake (% kcal/day)

44.0 (38.0–51.0)

46.0 (40.0–52.0)

47.0 (42.0–52.0)

48.0 (42.0–54.0)

0.04

Fat intake (% kcal/day)

36.0 (31.0–41.0)

35.0 (30.0–39.0)

34.0 (29.0–37.0)

33.0 (28.0–36.0)

0.06

Protein intake (% kcal/day)

18.0 (16.0–21.0)

19.0 (17.0–21.0)

18.0 (15.0–20.0)

19.0 (16.0–21.0)

0.0004

Total dietary fiber (g)

16.0 (12.0–22.0)

15.0 (11.0–21.0)

15.0 (11.0–21.0)

16.0 (11.0–21.0)

0.88

Physical activity (kJ/week)

7517 (3165–14,118)

5020 (1938–10,862)

6986 (3048–12,861)

6232 (2859–11,255)

0.21