Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by prospective development of GDM a
Characteristics | Overall (n = 1337) | GDM (n = 199) | Non-GDM (n = 1138) | p b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 26.8 ± 4.2 | 25.7 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 |
By category | 0.002 | |||
  < 25 | 527 (39.4) | 63 (31.7) | 464 (40.8) |  |
 25–29 | 589 (44.1) | 86 (43.2) | 503 (44.2) |  |
 30–34 | 184 (13.8) | 40 (20.1) | 144 (12.7) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 37 (2.8) | 10 (5.0) | 27 (2.4) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 20.7 ± 2.8 | 21.8 ± 3.2 | 20.5 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
By category | < 0.001 | |||
  < 18.5 | 304 (22.7) | 28 (14.1) | 276 (24.3) |  |
 18.5–23.9 | 865 (64.7) | 130 (65.3) | 735 (64.6) |  |
  ≥ 24 | 168 (12.6) | 41 (20.6) | 127 (11.2) |  |
Family history of diabetes | 0.006 | |||
 Yes | 72 (6.2) | 19 (11.2) | 53 (5.4) |  |
 No | 1013 (87.5) | 136 (80.5) | 877 (88.7) |  |
 Don’t know | 73 (6.3) | 14 (8.3) | 59 (6.0) |  |
Education | 0.513 | |||
 Junior secondary school or below | 321 (24.0) | 51 (25.6) | 270 (23.7) |  |
 Senior/technical secondary school | 524 (39.2) | 82 (41.2) | 442 (38.8) |  |
 University or above | 492 (36.8) | 66 (33.2) | 426 (37.4) |  |
Parity | 0.747 | |||
 0 | 932 (69.8) | 137 (68.8) | 795 (70.0) |  |
  ≥ 1 | 403 (30.2) | 62 (31.2) | 341 (30.0) |  |
Active smoking before pregnancy | 0.289 | |||
 Yes | 73 (5.5) | 14 (7.0) | 59 (5.2) |  |
 No | 1264 (94.5) | 185 (93.0) | 1079 (94.8) |  |
Total physical activity (MET-hour/week) | 149.7 ± 84.2 | 145.4 ± 82.6 | 150.5 ± 84.5 | 0.439 |