Maternal fruit and vegetable or vitamin C consumption during pregnancy is associated with fetal growth and infant growth up to 6 months: results from the Korean Mothers and Children’s Environmental Health (MOCEH) cohort study

Table 3 Association of maternal fruit and vegetable/vitamin C intake with fetal growth at late pregnancy

Intake	At late pregnancy
	Biparietal diameter (cm)			Abdominal circumference (cm)			Femur length (cm)
	n	β (SE)/ lsmean ± SD	p	n	β (SE)/ lsmean ± SD	p	n	β (SE)/ lsmean ± SD	p
Fruit and vegetables
Continues
Unadjusted	703	0.004 (0.031)	0.8919	589	0·046 (0.161)	0.7743	689	0.032 (0.030)	0.2835
Adjusted^a	515	0.045 (0.023)	0.0511	433	0·175 (0.135)	0.1964	507	0.001 (0.023)	0.9747
Categorical^a
< median (519 g/d)		8.92 ± 0.02	0.0245		32.11 ± 0.12	0.2464		6.88 ± 0.02	0.8144
≥ median (519 g/d)		8.99 ± 0.02			32.30 ± 0.12			6.87 ± 0.02
Vitamin C
Continues
Unadjusted	703	0.006 (0.030)	0.8457	589	0.045 (0.155)	0.7730	689	−0.022 (0.029)	0.4344
Adjusted^b	515	0.030 (0.023)	0.1898	433	0.279 (0.132)	0.0354	507	0.021 (0.023)	0.3463
Categorical^b
< EAR (85 mg/d)		8.94 ± 0.03	0.3342		31.94 ± 0.14	0.0234		6.86 ± 0.02	0.3632
≥ EAR (85 mg/d)		8.97 ± 0.02			32.35 ± 0.11			6.89 ± 0.02
ORs (95% CI) for low fetal biometry (<25th percentile)
Fruit and vegetables
< median (519 g/d)	2.220 (1.153–4.274)		0.0170	1.695 (0.900–3.192)		0.1023	0.772 (0.388–1.537)		0.4613
≥ median (519 g/d)	1 (ref)			1 (ref)			1 (ref)
Vitamin C
< EAR (85 mg/d)	1.468 (0.753–2.865)		0.2600	1.682 (0.848–3.335)		0.1367	1.139 (0.535–2.423)		0.7359
≥ EAR (85 mg/d)	1 (ref)			1 (ref)			1 (ref)

β value is the coefficient from the multiple regression analysis
Least squares means (lsmeans) is a mean estimated from a general linear model
EAR is estimated average requirement
ORs is odds ratios
Intake data were log-transformed for normal distribution
^aAdjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), urinary cotinine level (log-transformed), infant gender, gestational age at the time of ultrasound measurement, use of supplements, residential area, parity, father’s height, energy intake (log-transformed)
^bAdjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, urinary cotinine level (log-transformed), infant gender, gestational age at the time of ultrasound measurement, use of supplements, residential area, parity, father’s height, energy intake (log-transformed), vitamin E intake (log-transformed), β-carotene intake (log-transformed)

ISSN: 1475-2891