Table 1 Characteristics of the pregnant women and infants
n | Mean ± SD or n(%) | |
|---|---|---|
General characteristics | ||
Age, years | 1136 | 30.2 ± 3.6 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 1099 | 21.3 ± 3.1 |
Education | 1078 | |
≤ High school | 293 (27.2) | |
≤ University | 714 (66.2) | |
≥ Graduate school | 71 (6.7) | |
Family monthly income, USD | 1064 | |
< 2000 | 288 (27.1) | |
2000–4000 | 596 (53.5) | |
≥ 4000 | 207 (19.5) | |
Parity | 967 | |
0 | 485 (50.2) | |
≥ 1 | 482 (49.8) | |
Supplement user | 1138 | 634 (55.7) |
Urinary cotinine, μg/g creatinine | 1057 | 20.9 ± 159.2 |
Urinary MDA, μmol/g creatinine | 1036 | 1.8 ± 1.4 |
Dietary intakes | ||
Total food intake, g/d | 1138 | 1368.0 ± 450.0 |
Fruit and vegetables, g/d | 1138 | 594.4 ± 365.4 |
Energy, kcal/d | 1138 | 1774.6 ± 502.6 |
Carbohydrates, g/d | 1138 | 276.4 ± 82.0 |
Protein, g/d | 1138 | 68.7 ± 25.0 |
Fat, g/d | 1138 | 47.0 ± 24.2 |
Vitamin C, mg/d | 1138 | 134.8 ± 99.2 |
Vitamin E, mg α-TE/d | 1138 | 17.1 ± 8.5 |
β-carotene, μg/d | 1138 | 2703.5 ± 2275.6 |
Fetal biometry at late pregnancy | ||
Biparietal diameter, cm | 703 | 8.94 ± 0.56 |
Abdominal circumference, cm | 589 | 32.13 ± 2.54 |
Femur length, cm | 689 | 6.85 ± 0.53 |
Pregnancy outcomes | ||
Neonatal gender (male) | 1132 | 582 (51.4) |
Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 1138 | 39.1 ± 1.1 |
Birth weight, kg | 1138 | 3.3 ± 0.4 |
Birth length, cm | 1138 | 50.5 ± 2.5 |
Breastfeeding status, yes | 741 | 480 (64.8) |
Infants characteristics at 6 months | ||
Weight, kg | 741 | 10.1 ± 1.0 |
Length, cm | 740 | 76.7 ± 2.5 |