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Table 3 Smoking status estimates (treatment equation) of the endogenous treatment effects model with an ordered outcome considering potential endogeneity between smoking and body weight

From: An empirical investigation of the impact of smoking on body weight using an endogenous treatment effects model approach: the role of food consumption patterns

Variables

Smoking participation

Full sample

Males

Females

Sociodemographic characteristicsa

 Gender (women)

0.288*

–

–

(0.152)

  

 30–60 years old

0.283***

0.346**

0.195

(0.111)

(0.148)

(0.164)

 Over 60 years old

− 0.849***

−0.748***

− 0.999***

(0.137)

(0.185)

(0.206)

 Married

−0.283***

−0.186

− 0.384***

(0.095)

(0.127)

(0.143)

 Divorced/widowed

0.137

0.302

0.043

(0.128)

(0.187)

(0.179)

 Big city

0.026

0.031

−0.007

(0.088)

(0.121)

(0.130)

 Village/Rural area

−0.182**

−0.218*

− 0.153

(0.082)

(0.113)

(0.123)

 Post-secondary education

−0.497***

− 0.522***

− 0.486***

(0.082)

(0.111)

(0.126)

 Post-graduate studies

−0.782***

− 0.855***

− 0.732***

(0.092)

(0.117)

(0.155)

Frequent consumption of:

 Whole grain bread

−0.170**

− 0.124

− 0.229**

(0.071)

(0.095)

(0.108)

 White-toasted bread

0.189**

0.353***

−0.057

(0.078)

(0.101)

(0.124)

 Fruits

−0.468***

−0.557***

− 0.383***

(0.079)

(0.103)

(0.124)

 Vegetables

−0.124*

0.137

−0.422***

(0.075)

(0.104)

(0.108)

 Meat products

0.299***

0.349**

0.309**

(0.097)

(0.160)

(0.124)

 Deep fried foods

0.119

0.157

0.102

(0.126)

(0.151)

(0.228)

 Confectionery

−0.180***

−0.182*

−0.216**

(0.069)

(0.094)

(0.103)

 Smoking prevalence

0.061***

0.064***

0.056**

(0.014)

(0.018)

(0.025)

Log-Likelihood function

− 1797.997

− 975.637

− 808.419

  1. Standard errors are given in parentheses
  2. aAge: 18–29 years old (reference category), Marital status: single (reference category)
  3. Area of residence: town (reference category), Educational attainment: up to secondary education (reference category)
  4. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01 (Statistically significant variables are highlighted in bold)