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Table 4 Adjusted differences in consumption behaviors between intervention and comparison youth after BHCK intervention a,b

From: A multilevel, multicomponent childhood obesity prevention group-randomized controlled trial improves healthier food purchasing and reduces sweet-snack consumption among low-income African-American youth

Youth Daily Consumption

Predicted Baseline

Predicted Post-intervention

Pre-post change: adjusted difference c

Intervention

Comparison

Intervention

Comparison

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Mean (SE)

Effect (95% CI)

Total daily caloric intake

1706.9 (65.5)

1771.3 (67.8)

1358.1 (73.4)

1349.9 (75.8)

72.5 (−120.3; 265.4)

9–12 years old

1712.1 (76.7)

1669.4 (84.2)

1360.5 (85.7)

1318.2 (92.5)

−0.5 (− 240.4; 239.5)

13–15 years old

1678.4 (104.3)

1927.7 (96.8)

1377.6 (104.3)

1437.9 (108.4)

189.1 (− 132.9; 510.9)

Beverage

Sugary beverages (total kcal)

147.8 (8.1)

160.3 (8.6)

181.7 (9.6)

170.6 (10.1)

23.4 (−7.3; 54.1)

 9–12 years old

125.0 (9.1)

138.7 (10.3)

180.1 (10.7)

168.0 (11.8)

25.8 (−10.1; 61.7)

 13–15 years old

182.7 (15.9)

188.6 (15.1)

201.1 (19.4)

196.3 (17.1)

10.7 (−47.2; 68.7)

Fruit Punch (ounces, daily)

4.7 (0.5)

5.5 (0.5)

5.3 (0.4)

5.2 (0.4)

0.8 (−1.0; 2.5)

 9–12 years old

3.9 (0.6)

4.5 (0.6)

5.2 (0.5)

4.8 (0.5)

0.9 (−1.2; 3.1)

 13–15 years old

5.6 (0.8)

6.4 (0.9)

5.9 (0.9)

6.5 (0.8)

0.1 (−3.1; 3.3)

Snacks

% of kcal from sweets

14.9 (0.6)

15.2 (0.6)

14.5 (1.9)

15.8 (0.7)

−1.0 (−3.1; 1.2)

 9–12 years old

15.5 (0.6)

16.1 (0.7)

14.9 (0.7)

15.5 (0.8)

0.1 (−2.7; 2.8)

 13–15 years old

15.1 (0.9)

14.3 (0.8)

14.7 (0.9)

11.9 (1.1)

−3.5 (−7.0; −0.1)

Dietary total sugar (grams)

120.3 (2.2)

117.2 (2.3)

121.1 (2.6)

115.7 (2.7)

2.3 (−6.5; 11.0)

 9–12 years old

117.8 (2.5)

113.6 (2.8)

119.4 (2.9)

113.5 (3.2)

1.6 (−8.7; 11.9)

 13–15 years old

125.7 (4.1)

124.6 (3.8)

123.3 (5.0)

119.3 (4.4)

2.9 (−13.1; 19.1)

Dietary sodium (mg)

2321.6 (28.0)

24,702.9(29.6)

2326.0 (33.3)

2415.7 (34.7)

−8.4 (− 117.6; 100.8)

 9–12 years old

2259.9 (31.5)

2360.5 (36.1)

2281.5 (37.5)

2376.7 (41.3)

5.4 (− 127.9; 138.8)

 13–15 years old

2446.1 (54.1)

2484.6 (50.9)

2427.9 (65.5)

2497.1 (57.5)

−30.5 (− 219.9; 158.3)

Fruit (total cups)

1.7 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)

1.2 (0.1)

−0.1 (−0.3; 0.2)

 9–12 years old

1.8 (0.1)

1.5 (0.1)

1.3 (0.1)

1.2 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.5; 0.1)

 13–15 years old

1.5 (0.1)

1.5 (0.1)

1.4 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

0.2 (−0.1; 0.6)

Vegetable (total cups)

0.9 (0.1)

1.0 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.1; 0.1)

 9–12 years old

1.0 (0.1)

1.1 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.2; 0.1)

 13–15 years old

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.9 (0.1)

0.8 (0.1)

0.1 (−0.2; 0.2)

Fat (servings)

3.1 (0.1)

3.0 (0.1)

3.2 (0.2)

3.2 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.2; 0.2)

 9–12 years old

3.3 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.5; 0.2)

 13–15 years old

3.3 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

3.2 (0.1)

−0.1 (− 0.5; 0.2)

  1. Abbreviations: SE (standard error), CI (confidence interval)
  2. aMultilevel models were conducted with Stata 13.1 package with the maximum likelihood option to impute multilevel data (n = 509). Multilevel models are good approach to be used under the missing at random assumption, as it models both the means and the random effect jointly [52]
  3. bIn all models: treatment group was coded as comparison (0) and intervention (1); time was coded as baseline (0) and post-intervention (1); caregiver’s age (continuous), and youth’s age (continuous, centered at the mean), caregiver and youth’s sex (0 = male, 1 = female), race (0 = other; 1 = African-American), total daily caloric intake (continuous) were added as covariates; standard errors were corrected for clustering for repeated measures from the same individual and BHCK neighborhood (from 1 to 30)
  4. cMean adjusted difference in change over time for intervention compared to control youth
  5. Bolded values: p < 0.05