Table 3 The association between optimism and pessimism, and the change in dietary habits
Has not changed | No need to change | Has changed | Tried to change, but failed | p1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reducing fat | N = 82 | N = 1059 | N = 1280 | N = 204 | |
Optimism (Mean (SD)) | 8.60 (2.02) | 8.26 (2.24) | 8.39 (2.08) | 8.18 (2.14) | 0.385 |
Pessimism (SD) | 4.59 (2.60) | 4.19 (2.79) | 3.62 (2.58) | 4.44 (2.81) | < 0.001 |
Changing to low-fat products | N = 155 | N = 1098 | N = 1266 | N = 106 | |
Optimism (Mean (SD)) | 8.37 (2.20) | 8.28 (2.21) | 8.39 (2.09) | 8.18 (2.15) | 0.674 |
Pessimism (Mean (SD)) | 4.46 (2.74) | 4.15 (2.77) | 3.65 (2.60) | 4.47 (2.76) | < 0.001 |
Increasing vegetables | N = 198 | N = 1141 | N = 1090 | N = 196 | |
Optimism (Mean (SD)) | 8.46 (2.16) | 8.25 (2.28) | 8.43 (2.01) | 8.10 (2.06) | 0.058 |
Pessimism (Mean (SD)) | 4.10 (2.69) | 4.09 (2.77) | 3.69 (2.59) | 4.43 (2.79) | < 0.001 |
Reducing sugar | N = 110 | N = 1287 | N = 986 | N = 242 | |
Optimism (Mean (SD)) | 8.23 (2.13) | 8.29 (2.23) | 8.42 (2.04) | 8.17 (2.18) | 0.520 |
Pessimism (Mean (SD)) | 4.16 (2.54) | 4.04 (2.75) | 3.78 (2.69) | 3.95 (2.54) | 0.145 |
Increasing berries and fruits | N = 128 | N = 1520 | N = 859 | N = 118 | |
Optimism (Mean (SD)) | 8.38 (2.05) | 8.39 (2.20) | 8.32 (2.05) | 7.81 (2.22) | 0.041 |
Pessimism (Mean (SD)) | 4.43 (2.77) | 4.02 (2.78) | 3.68 (2.51) | 4.35 (2.72) | 0.002 |